Differences between US government and Texas State government

The United States of America is a country consisting of many states, including Texas state, and various outlying areas. Although Texas is one of the states of U. S. , to some degree, it has difference in terms of its governance. This paper scrutinizes the difference between the government of US and Texas State government in terms of its constitution and economy. The United States is a democratic federal republic under the Constitution of 1787 and its amendments.There are three levels of government: (1) national, or federal; (2) state, consisting of 50 separate governments; and (3) local, consisting of thousands of county, township, city, and other local units within the states (Ferguson, 2001). The U. S. Constitution, the oldest written constitution among the great nations, has served as a model for a number of other countries. The presidential system of government, with separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, is one of the two leading forms of democratic government is use today (Bender, 2006).The emphasis on freedom in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights has been an important world influence. The United States form of government is based on these principles: 1. Popular Sovereignty. Supreme power is in the hand of the people. Government is based on the consent of the governed, as expressed through the United States Constitution, elections, and public opinion (Bender, 2006). 2. Constitutionalism, or Limited Government. The U. S. Constitution is the supreme law. Every government—national, state, and local—and every citizen must abide by its provisions.The national and state constitutions have bills of rights that guarantee certain basic rights to the individual (Bender, 2006). 3. Federalism. Governmental powers are divided between the national government and the states. Whatever powers are not granted to the national government by the Constitution are reserved to the state s or to the people (Bender, 2006). 4. Representative Government. As a republic and representative democracy, the government is run by the voters to express and enforce their will. 5. Separation of Powers.Governmental powers are divided among three generally coordinate (equal-ranking) branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. To prevent any one branch from taking over the functions of another, the power of each branch is checked and balanced by the powers of the other two. The President, as chief executive, has the power to veto, or refuse to give consent to, legislation. Laws must be approved by both houses of Congress, the legislative body. (Ferguson, 2001). Through the power of judicial view, the courts can invalidate laws and actions that are contrary to the Constitution.In addition, in terms of its economy, the United States is a leading agricultural nation even though the relative importance of agriculture in the economy has declined steadily over the years. Farming now a ccounts for less than 3 percent of the nation’s labor force and a similar percentage of the gross national product (Baumol, 2005). Nevertheless, it makes the nation virtually self-sufficient in food and, by value, provides about one-seventh of the nation’s exports. On the other hand, Texas is a state in the south-central United States.It extends from the Gulf of MÃ ©xico and the Rio Grande Valley into a heart of the Great Plains. Texas, with an area of 266, 807 square miles, ranked as the largest state in the Union for more than a century, and now is second only to Alaska in size. More than 7 percent of the total area of the United States is occupied by Texas. To many people, the name Texas brings to mind dry, barren plains dotted by occasional cattle herds and oil wells. In reality, there is great scenic variety, ranging from thick pine forests and long sandy beaches to beautiful mountains and canyons.There is as much variety in the state’s economy as in its s cenery (Jordan, 2003). Cattle and oil are still very important in Texas, but they are now only part of a highly diversified economy that is dominated by manufacturing. Texas cities that had long been primarily market and oil-refining centers are now industrial and financial capitals of a multistate area. Despite the many changes that have taken place, Texans maintain a traditional pride in their state and its colorful history. They sometimes tend to think of Texas as a separate country.This feeling is at least partly due to the vastness and diversity of Texas, its numerous resources, and a spirit of independence that goes back to the days of the republic of Texas (Ridgeway, 2002). Texas is governed under its fifth constitution, adopted in 1876 and frequently amended. The chief executive of the state is the governor. He is elected for a four-year term and may be reelected an unlimited number of times. The lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the comptroller of public accounts, the treasurer, the commissioner of agriculture, and the commissioner of the general land office are elected for four years.The secretary of state is appointed by the governor for a four-year term (Whisenhunt, 2004). The state legislature meets in odd-numbered years. It consists of a Senate elected for fours and a House of Representatives that are elected for two years. The judicial branch of the government is made up of a supreme court and several lower courts. The judges of all state courts are elected. Texas has 254 counties. It is represented in Congress by 2 senators and 27 representatives. Moreover, until the beginning of the 20th century the economy of Texas was based on farming, ranching, and lumbering.Then, in 1901, large-scale production of petroleum began following discovery of the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont. Since then, the economy of Texas has become closely bound to the production and distribution of petroleum, petroleum products, and natural gas and to such rel ated industries as petroleum refining and the making of petrochemicals. Since roughly mid-century, diverse manufacturing industries have been established in the state especially notable are those in the electronic and aerospace fields (McDonald, 2003). Today, about 20 percent of the nonagricultural labor force is engaged in manufacturing.Wholesale and retail trade, the service industries, and government also employ large numbers of persons. These changes in the Texas economy reflect the demand, both from within and from outside the state, for an ever-widening variety of products. Abundant resources, especially petroleum and natural gas, a large labor force, relatively low wages, and large amounts of investment capital have helped bring about these changes (Adams, 2003). Furthermore, Texas has the largest network of primary and secondary roads in the United States.The primary system, which connects all major Texas cities, includes seven Interstate routes and many miles of other multi lane divided highways. Railway mileage is also the largest of any state, but, as in most other states, has declined for many years. Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston are the chief railway hubs. Six major poets serve Texas. Houston, connected to the gulf by the 50-mile Houston Ship Channel, is the state’s largest port and ranks among the busiest ports in the country. Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Texas City, Port Arthur, and Freeport also handle heavy cargo tonnages.

Warrior Leader Course Pa

December 2008 MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD SUBJECT: Warrior Leader Course Welcome Letter 1. Congratulations on your selection to attend the Warrior Leader Course at the 3rd BN, 166TH Regiment at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania. You will report between the hours of 0800 and 2200 on the ATRRS report date. 2. Effective 10 August 2006 soldiers attending WLC are still required to meet the APFT and HT/WT requirements.However, soldiers who meet academic course requirements, but fail the APFT or HT/WT standards, will be considered a course graduate under the category of marginally achieved course standards. 3. Soldiers that have returned from OIF/OEF within 90 days of reporting to WLC are required to take the APFT. However, prior to the test you will have the option to have the PT test count towards your academic average or not. Soldiers in this category need either their DD 214 or a memorandum from their commander stating that they returned from deployment with in the last 90 days. . Physical re quirements for this course are very demanding. Students must be able to pass the APFT, meet HT/WT standards, carry a 50 pound combat load, low crawl, high crawl, rush for three to five seconds, walk a minimum of 2 miles with combat load and negotiate rough terrain under varying climatic conditions. 5. Soldiers who have a permanent profile designator â€Å"3† or â€Å"4† must include a copy of their DA Form 3349 and the results of their military medical review board (MMRB) as part of their course application.Soldiers who have met the previous criteria may attend WLC and train within the limits of their permanent profile, provided they can otherwise meet course prerequisites and graduation requirements. Soldiers with temporary profiles, with the exception of shaving or nonperformance deterring profiles who have participated in OIF/ OEF can attend WLC provided they have a copy of their current profile and memorandum bearing the commanders signature stating that the tempor ary profile exists as a result of injuries during participation in OIF/ OEF.

Personal Ethical Dilemma Essay

An international food party was conducted, during my sojourn in Japan as an exchange student. Since, I was the chairperson of the Korean language club; I ventured to prepare cheyookbogeum or Korean food for this party. I endeavored to do so only after consulting with the other members of the club and eliciting their opinion. Due to close collaboration between the club members, the venture depicted remarkable progress. During the course of preparing the food, I was constrained to decide whether to add MSG to the food. I had to undergo quite a bit of consternation regarding this decision, the party as such, was not all that big and this made me opt for the easy way out. However, I was not spared from having to scrutinize the situation precisely. The primary issue that I had to take into consideration was that addition of MSG to the food would improve its flavor and this would result in a larger number of people buying it. This would bring about a natural increase in profits, which would enable me to donate more money and provide incentives to the members who were making preparations for the party. Unfortunately, MSG does not promote good health and its prolonged use consumption could prove deleterious. In addition, if consumers came to know about having consumed MSG at a later date, they might develop a dislike for the food, which could even lead to their abstention from such food. Thus, by avoiding the addition of MSG, I would be behaving in an ethical manner, as I would have exhibited greater concern for the health of the consumer. Nevertheless, I could refrain from adding the MSG and promote the food as being prepared from solely fresh ingredients. Since, the flavor would not be all that appealing to the consumers; it would be difficult to realize profits. All the same, this food could be promoted as health food and then there might be a chance of making greater profits. All said and done, this issue was not of sufficient significance to affect the community. However, it provided me with an opportunity to adopt not only the perspective of a consumer but also that of a representative of the company. Moreover, I learned that one should take into account, long term perspectives, while taking decisions.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 68

Assignment Example The website contains a lot of relevant pictures. United Cape Way Breton is an autonomous organization that is managed by voluntary staffs; hence the pictures that the website uses represent the organization itself, which is a huge plus; although, it does not contain any video content. The information available generally describes or elaborates the mission and objectives of the organization, which tells reader of why the organization is in existence. Further, the website has lopsided features though. First, it lacks some entertaining features and exciting promotions. Second, although the website contains useful information, it is limited. The website only contains unspecified materials and related links are quite difficult to find. As aforementioned, the information tabs of the website are orderly arranged which makes it easier to navigate. The words used are easy to understand, and it avoids confusion. Perhaps, great emphasis should be placed on the â€Å"ease of navigation† aspect since not all interested visitors are technically savvy. It is a professional organization so it is expected that retired professionals are likewise interested to join. But, one thing I noticed is that it does not have a chat support system or a simple chat box that enables urgent communication between the organization and the users. The website should have been more effective if such tools are installed as users get the exact information they need at the soonest possible time. Clearly, the website does not allow its users to personalize the site, unlike Facebook or Twitter, but this is reasonable in that this is a professional organization just like AARP or PETA, so it does not hold any bearing. The website has â€Å"News and Events† feature that displays the different events the organization is conducting throughout the year, which adds more appeal to the website. Interactive tools for evaluating a product are not applicable since the website is a not-for-profit

Avatar movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Avatar - Movie Review Example Anthropology is the scientific research of human beings and their ancestors. â€Å"When his twin brother is killed, disabled ex-Marine Jake Sully is recruited to aid a mining expedition on the distant jungle moon of Pandora as only his DNA will bond with the alien hybrid body, known as an Avatar, which allows humans to breathe the toxic air.The initial impression one gets about the Na’vi aside from their alien trappings, is that they are a primitive race. Primitive is a relativistic term and here it is used to mean that they are technologically backwards compared to the humans who come to Pandora. The Na’vi subsequently faced with the challenge that comes when a tribal community comes into contact with a more technologically advanced civilization. The humans who come to Pandora are there to mine the local minerals to be used back on their home planet. This begs the question, ‘what happened to their home planet?† The Na’vi cultural practices resemble those of other pre technology civilizations. They live in small villages spread throughout the planet. They have developed a form of religion, a system of government and have learned hunting as a source of sustenance. They also have their own language used for communicating with one another, and with the local wildlife using their body language combined with high pitched shouts and clicks.The language is more intuitive more than descriptive. For example when they say â€Å"I see you,† it mostly means that they see into you rather than a visual interpretation of the observed object or individual. Their language is also accompanied with hand signals and movements to emphasize emotions and ideas communicated (Chris, 2012). As history has attested time and time again, when a more technologically advanced civilization comes into contact with what they perceive to be a primitive society, the humans take it upon themselves to â€Å"civilize† the Na’vi. Motive aside, th e impression that what the humans have in terms of technological advancements is I think misguided. The Na’vi are not the one who have bled their home planet dry, and have then travelled halfway across the galaxy in search of the aptly named mineral unobtainium. In the aim of civilizing the natives, the human open school, teach the Na’vi their language, they also try to trade their medicine and food with the Na’vi with the aim of obtaining the unobtainium (Chris, 2012). The Na’vi on the other hand feel that the humans are misguided, and also unsuccessfully try to teach them their way of life until the arrival of Jake Sully. There is a mutual sense of ethnocentrism within the two communities, and whether it is justified is a matter of opinion. The humans feel that their way of life is superior to the Na’vi while the Na’vi feel that their way of life is the only way to live harmoniously with their environment. The Na’vi live in the jung les of Pandora, their main food source is the jungle. They are hunters and gatherers. They also domesticate the local wildlife and use it as a means of transport. They also use the animals to hunt and defend themselves. As with most hunter gatherer communities, prowess in hunting is highly valued and strength greatly affects the individual’s status within the community. They have a sense of brotherhood and oneness with their prey since it is part of them, part of the jungle and thus part of Eywa. They do not needlessly kill their prey and only hunt what they eat. They even go out of their way to reduce instances of confrontation between themselves and the hostile wildlife in the jungle. This

Eugenic Sterilization Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eugenic Sterilization Law - Essay Example In 1924, Carrie Buck a teenager mother was accused in a court of law for bearing a child outside of wedlock and that her child would probably be socially inadequate. Ms. Buck, whose feeble-minded mother had been admitted in the state colony of epileptics and feeble-minded, was the first American to face eugenic sterilization law. Harry Laughlin’s authentication about Ms. Buck and her child and Eugenic Record Office testimony about her child’s disorder made the court rule in favor of the states. She appealed for a review of the case but the Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the state. Basing his argument on the fact that Ms. Buck was feeble-minded, chief justice Oliver W. Holmes ordered Superintendent Bell to go ahead and perform salpingectomy operation on Carrie Buck. He concluded that it was better for the entire world if unfit human breeds were wiped from the society instead of waiting for them, to bear offspring and execute them for crimes.Later, Paul Lombardo a h istorian at the University of Virginia found out that, apart from Miss Buck’s child turning out to be a very bright student at 7 years old, Buck had been raped. Following this, Eugenics Record Office was forced to close and with time eugenicists’ claims were disapproved by other scientists. This decision had also contributed to more than 65,000 inferiors being forcefully sterilized between 1927 and 1979. United States government has since then been holding annual anniversaries to apologize for the shameful Buck decision.

Tax issues memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tax issues memo - Research Paper Example y hurdle for Norman is that, as much as he is getting involved into this lucrative venture, the fact remains that he also has to complete his mandates as a student. This is the reason why he even opted to be taking some of his revisions and assignments within his car through proper utilization of that outstanding app. Up to this point, Norman feels a little bit excited that he is not only a mere student but a CEO of his own small enterprise. This hence brings out some sort of discussion whether Norman is in a position of being an independent contractor or an employee. The main understanding can be attained by giving out some distinctions between these two aspects. While the "independent contractor" differs from the standard employee, exact designation based on your responsibility has to be agreed on before starting any task so as to avoid unnecessary inconveniences With increase in economic hurdles and the cost of living in the contemporary world, various possible measures or opportunities have to be fully utilized by individuals so as to ensure success in all sectors of life. This can probably be possible if the aspect of multi-tasking and other such- like commitments are put into consideration. Human multitasking refers  to apparent individual’s performance of managing more than a single task simultaneously. This term was derived from the aspect of  computer multitasking. A good example is when an individual takes phone calls and types an email at the same time. Multitasking has often resulted in time wastage due to the aspect of  context switching  and has apparently caused more errors because of insufficient  attention. As much as multitasking can be viewed as being the key towards success in some of the sectors, it might only be applicable to a few individuals who have set their minds right. Otherwise, research shows that it often leads to various mishaps such as poor performances due to lack of concentration, time wasting, dampness, reduced productivity,

Short listening and assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short listening and - Assignment Example The riff style is that which has been rehearsed and memorized by the musicians, and hence, called head riff. The role of piano is to provide the chords and tone with rhythmic strides. This introduces the music for the entire performance to the audience. It comps occasionally but the solo pieces on the piano are light and give the music the swinging quality. The role of the double bass is to keep time using slapping technique and provide comp for soloists in the ensemble. The drums provide the beat for the audience and members of the orchestra. The bass and drums follow the 12 bar blues (Rickert) rhythm in this performance. The specific solo I found especially fascinating was the trombone playing between the baritone and tenor saxophone soloists although all the performances were breathtaking. What I found in that little piece on the trombone is that it gave a brief break from the saxophone melodies and let the drums provide fillers. It reinforced the tone and rhythm of the song. The pace changes after this when the trumpeter introduces a slightly faster pace piece. The overall performance was great with a fun, light melody and the swing type rhythm giving it an overall energetic and bouncy feel. The music was very pleasant and specifically the arrangement of the sections was done beautifully and complimented each instrument very well. The video was most important, although, when this music was created in 1937, radio used to be the common means of transmission, even then the video helps even a novice to jazz understand the arrangements and riffing techniques employed by big bands. The head movement of the trumpet players along with the music near the ending sequence was very impressive. The One O’clock Jump very rightly deserves its place among one of the songs of the

How does physical movement benefit brain development in elementary Research Paper

How does physical movement benefit brain development in elementary students - Research Paper Example In the past, such a debate has been concentric upon an understanding of whether childhood play is beneficial or not with regards to overall development of mental capacity and understanding. However, within the scope of this particular analysis, play in and of itself will not be discussed. Rather, due to the fact that the focus of this analysis is concentric upon the means by which activity can impact positively upon the learning process, play is an insufficient definition of such an activity. Within such a manner, the handle of physical activity will be utilized as a means of discussing and analyzing what prior research has documented concerning any and all languages that might exist with regards to development of mental capacity and ability to engage in further educational endeavors. Linking directly back into an understanding of the way in which sociology and psychology have traditionally understood development in terms of heredity, up until almost 15 years ago, sociologists and ps ychologists believed that early childhood development was almost invariably tied to heredity (Leppert et al, 2009). In such a way, scientists believed that the parents of the individual child created something of a genetic blueprint by which further development and mental capacity were constrained. However, if not surprisingly, further research into the subject matter, and a vastly increased level of knowledge with regards to the way in which early development takes place, has denoted that heredity plays only a minimal role with regards to the â€Å"wiring† that the brain engages in (Lum, 2013). Such an understanding has of course been made easier due to the fact that increases in technology have provided scientists and researchers with specialized scans and mapping applications by which key test subjects were analyzed from week to week, month to month, and year to year as a means of providing a roadmap for the way in which brain development was actually affected within diffe rent key groups. As a result of this level of research that has been ongoing for the past few decades, scientists have definitively determined that the patterns and strengthening of bonding synapses is primarily influenced and aided by the existence of physical activity within the regime of the child. This should not be understood to mean that a level of sports or competitive games must be engaged in order for this physicality aspect to be positively correlated to brain activity (Hotz et al, 2009). Rather, almost all of the accident research which is been conducted on this topic has determined that physical activity in the form of play, kinetic learning, and many other forms are equally as beneficial; perhaps more due to the fact that they do not oftentimes behave within rigid norms or regulations. In effect, the inclusion of creativity alongside physical activity seems to be as something of a magic formula with regards to stimulating brain development and maximizing the overall lev els of connections that can be made within the adolescent mind. Perhaps most importantly of all, scientists have determined that there is a â€Å"sweet spot† with regards the timeframe in which this can be affected. As sociologists and

Enviromental science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enviromental science - Essay Example Over-population is one of the majors for most of the problems being faced in the world. Population increases with 1.5 people per second around the world, therefore in an hour it increases at the rate of. If we go on to ignoring these statistics and the problems they are creating it is only increasing the human suffering. We human beings are capable of doing many things and so we have accumulated the data of every person who ever lived on earth and it is safely kept in the US. The UN not only preserves the data but it also helps predict the future and these predictions are astounding. It is possible that the total population will increase with the 3.1 billion people till the middle of this century making it 9 billion; we have 6.8 billion people today and it is expected to increase up to 7 billion within the coming 4-5 years this is the most startling fact mentioned in the movie. It means that in 50 years the earth will need to accommodate up to 3 billion more people. Within the next 50 years the people will suffer no matter where they are or how they live. When there is abundance of food, water and right availability of material for shelter, the population thrives and succeeds. But when there is scarcity of the most basic necessities, the world comes under depression. Humans and resources have a very close relationship; the food production cannot increase as fast as the human reproduction can. Therefore, the demand will gradually exceed the supply; if the human population is not controlled at once the life would end miserably. The green revolution was not harmful in fact it was more effective in producing food in abundance through modern farming methods. It helped many countries become self-sufficient in food and alleviate hunger in the world. Out of 70% of water present in the world only 1 % is being provided to the people living in it and the rest is

Its a few poems in the instrution box you may choose one and choose a Essay - 1

Its a few poems in the instrution box you may choose one and choose a title - Essay Example The title itself goes to show comparison. The life of the lover of the poet is never ending because the poet firmly believes that his beloved will live on forever through the words used by the poets. â€Å"Amores† and â€Å"Ovid’s Tristia† have been found parallel to this poem. Another similarity is that this poem is based on love theme so are the other two poems mentioned above. The use of Shakespearian sonnet is palpable in the poem. There are several double meanings in this poem and the language is a little difficult to understand. â€Å"Sonnet 18 is the best known and most well-loved of all 154 sonnets. It is also one of the most straightforward in language and intent. The stability of love and its power to immortalize the poetry and the subject of that poetry is the theme.† (Analysis of Shakespeare) Shall I compare Thee to a summer’s Day? Is also a poem based on love, the poet compares his lover to summer season and concludes that his lover is far better than the summer season. The rhyme scheme is quite different from the poems of Emily Dickenson, this poem is a Shakespearian Sonnet constructed with iambic pentameters. The motif used in all three of the poems is love. This poem is difficult to understand because of its abstruse nature, Shakespeare has made several important comparisons in the poem which must be paid attention to. A young man is being directly compared with a hot summer day. The poet says that a young man is much more stable than a hot afternoon, a hot afternoon tends to change mood as it gathers pace but a young man is much different and much stable than a summer afternoon. â€Å"This sonnet is certainly the most famous in the sequence of Shakespeare’s sonnets; it may be the most famous lyric poem in English. Among Shakespeare’s works, only lines such as â€Å"To be or not to be† and â€Å"Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?† are better-known. This is not to say that it is at all the

Constituents of breast milk Essay Example for Free

Constituents of breast milk Essay Cholesterol enhances myelinization of nervous tissue Choline Memory enhancement Docsohexanoic acid necessary for growth and development of the brain and retina, also for myelinization of nervous tissue Enzymes such as lipases Helps in digestion of fats Glutathione peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, xanthine oxidase important in prevention of infection Inositol enhances synthesis of surfactant in immature lung tissue Lactoferrin binds iron and transports it efficiently into the baby; prevents iron from being used by gut bacteria. Lactoferrin (above), lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A line intestinal surface, prevent bacterial attachment and infection Nucleotides building blocks of DNA, RNA, and energy storage compounds; enhance formation of immunity to infection Poly- and oligo-saccharides block bacterial binding to intestinal surfaces Proteins There are receptor proteins and binding protein, bind calcium and zinc for absorption by the baby; supply amino acids to the baby White blood cells Help protect infant from bacteria and foreign body invasion. Transmit maternal immunity to infants immune system Taurine important for bile acid function Formula Milk Main ingredients Lactose, Nonfat Milk, Palm Oil Or Palm Olein, Whey Protein Concentrate, High Oleic (Safflower Or Sunflower) Oil, Coconut Oil, Soybean Oil Less than 2% Mortierella alpina oil, crypthecodinium cohnii oil, adenosine-5-monophosphate, cytidine-5-monophosphate, disodium guanosine-5-monophosphate, disodium inosine-5- monophosphate, disodium uridine-5-monophosphate, mixed tocopherol concentrate, monoglycerides, soy lecithin, taurine. Vitamins. Ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, beta carotene, biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, cyanocobalamin, folic acid, inositol, niacinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, vitamin a palmitate, vitamin d (cholecalciferol), vitamin e (dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate), vitamin k (phytonadione). Minerals Calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, cupric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium chloride, manganese sulfate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium selenite, zinc sulfate. Nutrition profile of DHA Formula milk. Diluted: Each 5 fl. oz. (150 mL) contains 100 Calories Nutrients Unit Per 100 Calories PROTEIN g 2. 2 FAT g 5. 3 CARBOHYDRATE g 10. 6 WATER g 134 LINOLEIC ACID mg 500 DHA ARA Levels DHA mg 19 ARA mg 34 Vitamins VITAMIN A IU 300 VITAMIN D IU 60 VITAMIN E IU 1. 4 VITAMIN K mcg 8. 3 THIAMINE (vitamin B1) mcg 100 RIBOFLAVIN (vitamin B2) mcg 150 VITAMIN B6 mcg 62. 5 VITAMIN B12 mcg 0. 2 NIACIN mcg 750 FOLIC ACID (folacin) mcg 7. 5 PANTOTHENIC ACID mcg 315 BIOTIN mcg 2. 2 VITAMIN C (ascorbic acid) mg 8. 5 CHOLINE mg 15 INOSITOL mg 4. 1 Minerals CALCIUM mg 63 PHOSPHORUS mg 42 MAGNESIUM mg 7 IRON mg 1. 8 ZINC mg 0. 8 MANGANESE mcg 7. 5 COPPER mcg 70 IODINE mcg 9 SELENIUM mcg 2. 1 SODIUM mg 22 POTASSIUM mg 83 CHLORIDE mg 56 Human milk v. Formula milk Several studies have shown that human milk is much more nutritious and healthy for infants as compared to any man made formulas. Boyd (et al, 2006) also found that breast milk from donors reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis. In another study the fat globule size in the mother’s milk colostrums is adequate and large for better absorption as compared to formula milk and adult human milk (Michalski et al 2005). COMPARISON OF HUMAN MILK AND FORMULA. NUTRIENT FACTOR BREAST MILK CONTAINS FORMULA CONTAINS COMMENT Fats †¢ Rich in brain-building omega 3s, namely DHA and AA -Automatically adjusts to infants needs; levels decline as baby gets older -Rich in cholesterol -Nearly completely absorbed -Contains fat-digesting enzyme, lipase -No DHA -Doesnt adjust to infants needs -No cholesterol -Not completely absorbed -No lipase Fat is the most important nutrient in breastmilk; the absence of cholesterol and DHA, vital nutrients for growing brains and bodies, may predispose a child to adult heart and central nervous system diseases. Leftover, unabsorbed fat accounts for unpleasant smelling stools in formula-fed babies. Protein -Soft, easily-digestible whey -More completely absorbed; higher in the milk of mothers who deliver preterm -Lactoferrin for intestinal health -Lysozyme, an antimicrobial -Rich in brain-and-body- building protein components -Rich in growth factors -Contains sleep-inducing proteins -Harder-to-digest casein curds -Not completely absorbed, more waste, harder on kidneys -No lactoferrin, or only a trace -No lysozyme -Deficient or low in some brain-and body-building proteins -Deficient in growth factors. -Does not contain as many sleep-inducing proteins. Infants arent allergic to human milk protein. Carbohdrates -Rich in lactose -Rich in oligosaccharides, which promote intestinal health -No lactose in some formulas -Deficient in oligosaccharides Lactose is considered an important carbohydrate for brain development. Studies show the level of lactose in the milk of a species correlates with the size of the brain of that species. Immune Boosters -Rich in living white blood cells, millions per feeding -Rich in immunoglobulins -No live white blood cells-or any other cells. Dead food has less immunological benefit. -Few immunoglobulins and most are the wrong kind When mother is exposed to a germ, she makes antibodies to that germ and gives these antibodies to her infant via her milk. Vitamins and Minerals -Better absorbed, especially iron, zinc, and calcium -Iron is 50 to 75 percent absorbed. -Contains more selenium (an antioxidant) -Not absorbed as well -Iron is 5 to 10 percent absorbed -Contains less selenium (an antioxidant) Vitamins and minerals in breast milk enjoy a higher bioavailability-that is, a greater percentage is absorbed. To compensate, more is added to formula, which makes it harder to digest. Enzymes and Hormones -Rich in digestive enzymes, such as lipase and amylase -Rich in many hormones: thyroid, prolactin, oxytocin, and more than fifteen others -Varies with mothers diet -Processing kills digestive enzymes -Processing kills hormones, which are not human to begin with -Always tastes the same Digestive enzymes promote intestinal health. Hormones contribute to the overall biochemical balance and well- being of baby. By taking on the flavor of mothers diet, breastmilk shapes the tastes of the child to family foods. Cost -Around $600 a year in extra food for mother -Around $1,200 a year -Up to $2,500 a year for hypoallergenic formulas -Cost for bottles and other supplies -Lost income when baby is ill Retrieved from http://www. askdrsears. com/html/2/T021600. asp. References Brisbanes times (2007). Retrieved from http://www. brisbanetimes. com. au/news/parenting/formula-milk-v-mothers-milk/2007/07/09/1183833390756. html Formula Milk, Medline (2007) Retrieved from http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002447. htm#top Van Voorhees, B. W.(2006). Breast feeding, Medline Retrieved from http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002450. htm Nature’s Ones. (2006) Retrieved from http://www. naturesone. com/dairy-ingredients. php Catherine A Boyd, Maria A Quigley, Peter Brocklehurst (2006) Donor breast milk versus infant formula for preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2007;92:F169-F175. Retrieved from http://fn. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/92/3/F169? rss=1 M. C. Michalski1, V. Briard1, F. Michel1, F. Tasson2 and P. Poulain2 (2005) Size Distribution of Fat Globules in Human Colostrum, Breast Milk, and Infant Formula. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1927-1940. Retrieved from http://jds. fass. org/cgi/content/full/88/6/1927 Wight NE. Donor human milk for preterm infants. J Perinatol 2001;21:249–54. [CrossRef][Medline] Henderson G, Anthony MY, McGuire W. Formula milk versus term human milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons, 2004. Henderson G, Anthony MY, McGuire W. Formula milk versus preterm human milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons, 2004. de Silva A, Jones PW, Spencer SA. Does human milk reduce infection rates in preterm infants? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatol Ed 2004;89:F509–13. [CrossRef] McGuire W, Anthony MY. Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatol Ed 2003;88:F11–14. [CrossRef].

Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) is a persistent organochlorine that has 209 congeners and can be divided into two categories, dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like. Although these two categories have different structures and toxicological profiles, both have an adverse impact on the human health [1]. Since PCB is a stable chemical and can withstand extreme temperature and pressure, it was heavily used back in 1929 for electrical equipment [2]. While the production of PCB was ceased in 1977, traces of PCB can still be observed on the Great Lakes for it was once used as a disposal site along with the possibility of accidental leaks. From lakes, it can move into different waterways and later be passed on by organisms. Long-range-transport of PCB vapours through air currents also functions as a dispersion mechanism in the ambient air [3] [4] [5]. Anyone can be susceptible depending on the rate of the exposure and the amount of stressor a person had been exposed to. PCB can enter the system thro ugh ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, all of which can essentially bioaccumulate and inhibit the bodys natural processes in the event that the receptor had exceeded the threshold. PCB has been linked to endocrine dysfunction, reproduction deficiencies, chloracne, liver damage and kidney cancer [6]. Recognizing credible sources is a key factor in toxicity assessment. This allows the reader to acquire more information about the chemical of concern and make an informed decision. Some credible sources are listed below: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry European Chemicals Agency Health Canada United States Environmental Protection Agency World Health Organization     Ã‚   3.1. What happens when PCB enters the body? Humans absorb PCB through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. On bioassays conducted, it was observed that animals absorbed PCB well when administered orally and less absorbed when exposed through dermal contact. While inhalation is an accounted pathway for PCB, there is inadequate data to identify the absorption rates. Upon absorption, PCB is dispersed into the lipophilic cell membranes in the gastrointestinal tract. It then circulates into the blood vessels and enters the lymphatic system. Due to the lipophilic nature of PCB molecules, it is readily absorbed by the fatty tissue. In autopsies conducted, the liver, adipose tissue, brain and skin usually contains higher concentrations of PCB. Elimination of PCB can be through excretion of feces, urine and breast milk [7]. When exposed to PCB, symptoms include severe acne, swelling of the upper eyelids, discolouring of the nails and skin, numbness in arms and/or legs, weakness, muscle spasms, chronic bronchitis, and neurological complications [6]. 3.2. Acute and Chronic Effects PCB exhibits both acute and chronic effects. Although it demonstrates low potential in producing acute effects, however, due to the risk it poses in human health in the long-term, it is still deemed to be a public health concern. Skin lesions particularly chloracne has been observed during occupational exposures. Nausea and headaches were also reported yet this could be primarily due to the solvents in the PCB mixtures. Subsequently, long-term exposure to PCB has been linked to reproductive deficiencies, liver damage and kidney cancer [8]. 3.3. Threshold vs Non-threshold PCB has shown evident carcinogenicity in animals and therefore is considered to be non-threshold substance by USEPA. The data for human carcinogenicity for PCB mixture is deemed to be inadequate but suggestive. Essentially, PCB can also be classified as threshold substance because of its non-cancer potential in lower concentrations and short-term exposure [9].   3.4. What effects does it have? Carcinogenic US EPA labeled PCB as Group B2, a probable human carcinogen. This was based on the experiment of exposure of rats to several mixtures of PCB that are often found in the environment [10]. On a study published in 1976, occupational exposure to PCB increased the mortality from cancer. However, the outcomes were mixed since the study only found limited deaths and incomplete exposure assessments [7]. Mutagenicity There were insufficient data involving the mutagenicity of PCB [7]. A bacterial test which distinguishes chemical mutation effects was conducted on PCB. Although PCB demonstrated negative results, this was not uncommon since PCB has complex compounds and pathways [11]. Reproductive Toxicity Oral administration of PCB on animals has displayed toxicity effects but dermal and inhalation exposure were not available. Exposure of rats and mice to high doses of PCB had produced several effects. The effects documented were decreased conception rate, pro-longed menstruation, decreased litter size and reduced sperm count. Rats and mice that were exposed to PCB while lactation suggested long-lasting adverse effect on the offspring. On another study, PCB is also associated to estrogen-related effects [7]. 4.1. Bioassay Overview The slope factor of PCB was based upon the studies conducted by Brunner et al. (1996) and Norback and Weltman (1985). A group of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to different Aroclor. Groups of 50 female or male rats were orally administered with 25, 50 or 100 ppm Aroclor 1260 or 1254; 50 or 100 ppm Arcolor 1242; or 50, 100, or 200 ppm Aroclor 1016. At 104 weeks, the rats were killed. Liver adenomas or carcinomas were discovered in all female rats for all Aroclors and male rats for Aroclor 1260. While thyroid gland follicular cell carcinoma was evident on male rats, female rats also exhibited mammary tumors at a later age. On another study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0 or 100ppm of Aroclor 1260 for 16 months and subsequently reduced to 50 ppm for another 8 months. Tests were executed in different months to understand the changes in the structure of the rats. The intensity of the damage on the liver increases as you progress through the months. On the 29th month, most of the female rats displayed carcinoma and neoplastic nodules whereas male rats had lesser incidence [10] . 4.2. Published Benchmark A tiered approach was used by USEPA to determine the cancer potency of PCB. Upper-bounds provide precision while central-estimates are appropriate for estimating risks. Potency values are dependent on the exposure pathway. For exposure pathways with increased risks, we use High Risk and Persistence. Exposure pathways that decrease risk are appropriate on Low Risk and Persistence. Lowest Risk and Persistence is developed from Aroclor 2016, therefore it is appropriate for congeners with more than for chlorine. The slope factor can be generated by dividing 0.10 by ED10 (Estimated dose associated with 10% increased incidence, in mg/kg-d) [12]. High Risk and Persistence Low Risk and Persistence Lowest Risk and Persistence Upper-Bound Slope Factor 2.0 per (mg/kg)/day 0.4 per (mg/kg)/day 0.07 per (mg/kg)/day Central-Estimate Slope Factor 1.0 per (mg/kg)/day 0.3 per (mg/kg)/day 0.04 per (mg/kg)/day Criteria for use Food chain exposure Sediment or soil ingestion Dust or aerosol inhalation Dermal exposure, if an absorption factor has been applied Presence of dioxin-like, tumor-promoting, or persistent congeners Early-life exposure (all pathways and mixtures) Ingestion of water-soluble congeners Inhalation of evaporated congeners Dermal exposure, if no absorption factor has been applied Congener or isomer analyses verify that congeners with more than 4 chlorines comprise less than 1/2% of total PCBs. Figure 1 Tiers of Human Slope Factors For Environmental PCB [13]. Uncertainty Factors It is important to know that not everyone responds equally to a given chemical. Populations with higher sensitivity may be associated with increased risks. Also, the genetics and lifestyle of a person must be accounted as this pose potential change on the dose-response trend. Furthermore, it is essential to recognize that the mixtures of PCB tested in animals are Aroclor mixtures which have been pre-determined and not environmental mixtures that had bioaccumulated which are generally more potent [10]. Figure 1 shows that the slope factor is dependent upon the exposure pathway. Although these are just estimates, scientists have dedicated their time to conduct bioassays where we can extrapolate the data to potentially understand the dose that can harm humans. However, it is also crucial to know that environmental processes can alter the PCB concentrations, therefore it is best to be educated on how you can be exposed to PCB and how you can avoid this. To improve the assessment, studies concerning sensitive population should be further considered and assessed. Since PCB concentrations are altered in the environment, animals or humans that are already exposed could be used to investigate and compare the differences with the experiments done in the laboratory. In addition, it was not mentioned why rats were chosen as experiment parameters, analyzing parameters used could help readers discern why rats are relevant for the study. [1] P. Heikkinen, . L. T. M. van der Ven,, F. Rendel, R. Roos, J. Esteban, M. Korkalainen, S. Lensu, H. Miettinen, K. Savolainen, S. Sankari, H. Lilienthal, A. Adamsson, J. Toppari, M. Herlin, M. Finnila, J. Tukkanen, H. Leslie, T. Hammmers and G. Hamscher, Toxicological Profile of Ultrapure 2,2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²,3,4,4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²,5,5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-Heptachlorbiphenyl (PCB 180) in Adult Rats., PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1-26, 2014. [2] PCBs: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, [Online]. Available: http://www.greenfacts.org/en/pcbs. [Accessed 2 February 2017]. [3] S. Fields, Great Lakes Resources at Risk, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 164-173, 2005. [4] PCBs in Great Lakes Sediments, [Online]. Available: http://www.greatlakesmapping.org/great_lake_stressors/1/pcbs-great-lakes-sediments. [Accessed 1 February 2017]. [5] Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Toxicity, 14 May 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/pcb/docs/pcb.pdf. [Accessed 02 February 2017]. [6] H. Canada, Health Canada, [Online]. Available: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/iyh-vsv/environ/pcb-bpc-eng.php#ba. [Accessed 20 February 2017]. [7] M. L. S. K. M. C. S. D. C. T. D. R. Dr Obaid M. Faroon, World Health Organization, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad55.pdf. [Accessed 13 February 2017]. [8] G. Letz, The Toxicology of PCBs-An Overview for Clinicians, West Journal of Medicine, pp. 536-538, 1983. [9] United States Environmental Protection Agency, [Online]. Available: https://www3.epa.gov/region02/superfund/hudson/hhra-app-c.pdf. [Accessed 20 February 2017]. [10] United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1 October 1996. [Online]. Available: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=294. [Accessed 21 February 2017]. [11] Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls., in IARC Monographs, IARC, 2016. [12] U. S. E. P. Agency, PCBs: Cancer Dose-Response Assessment and Application to Environmental Mixtures, September 1996. [Online]. Available: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris_drafts/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12486. [Accessed 21 February 2017]. [13] United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1 June 1994. [Online]. Available: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=294. [Accessed 21 February 2017].

Muscular Leg Strength and Sprint Performance Relationship

Muscular Leg Strength and Sprint Performance Relationship 2.0 Muscular Strength vs. Single Sprint Performance Muscular strength is a physiological characteristic thought to facilitate sprint performance, mainly due to the increased ability of the muscle to generate muscular contraction during short-term high intensity activity (Baechle and Earle, 2008). Experts have defined muscular strength as the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert maximal force against a resistance once, through the full range of motion (Newman et al., 2004). Specifically, literature has deemed the force production capabilities of the legs to be the decisive factor in improving ones ability to sprint (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson, 1998). For instance, an initial study by Alexander (1989) examined the correlation between leg strength and 100m sprint performance in 23 elite sprinters. For all participants, a significant relationship was found between the two variables. In support, a similar study conducted by Dowson et al. (1998) examined the relationship between leg strength and sprint performanc e in 18 elite male athletes. Again, leg strength was deemed to be a major contributor to ones ability to sprint over shorter distances of 15 and 35m. Although ample studies have investigated the relationship between muscular strength and sprint performance, with several findings recognising strength as a significant facilitator (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson et al., 1998), a similar investigation by Baker and Nance (1999) deduced that no measure of strength was correlated to either 10m or 40m sprint performance in Rugby League players. Moreover, Cronin and Hansen (2005) examined the relationship between muscular strength and measures of first-step quickness (5-m time), acceleration (10-m time), and maximal speed (30-m time), with all 3 measures of speed proving to be unaffected by muscular strength. It appears that studies examining the relationship between leg strength and sprint performance have produced contradictory conclusions. However more importantly, the investigations discussed above only implemented single sprint trials. Current research has identified that perhaps repeated-sprint efforts reflect a more accurate representation of the intermittent physiological demands of multiple sprint sports, rather than a single sprint (Dawson et al., 1991; Duthie et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). For instance, a study carried out by Dawson et al. (1991) noted that for high intensity efforts of less than 5 seconds such as a 1RM squat or single 40m sprint test, the largest contribution to the energy demands was made by the phosphagen (ATP-CP) energy system. Moreover, Dawson et al. (1991) recognised that the contribution of the glycolytic system in ATP re-synthesis significantly increased when sprint efforts were repeated, which more accurately reflects the physiological demands of intermittent sports. This notion has since received support from other studies examining repeated sprint ability (Newman et al., 2004; Bishop and Edge, 2006). Therefore, although studies have formed contrasting opinions on the effectiveness of leg muscle strength in predicting a single sprint performance (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson et al., 1998; Baker and Nance, 1999; Cronin and Hansen, 2005), the validity of these investigations appears limited when considering the imprecision of using a single-sprint to assess multiple-sprint sport performers. 2.1 Isokinetic Strength vs. Multi Joint Strength Measures As discussed, it is widely recognised within the literature that RSA is more ecologically valid than a single sprint when assessing team-sport athletes (Dawson et al., 1991; Newman et al., 2004; Duthie et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). Despite this knowledge, the association between muscular leg strength and repeated sprint ability has received scant consideration. However, one investigation by Newman et al. (2004) did specifically examine the relationship between isokinetic knee strength and repeated sprint ability in soccer and rugby players. Newman and colleagues reported that no measure of strength was related to RSA, thus concurring with other similar investigations (Baker and Nance, 1999; Cronin and Hansen, 2005) who albeit implemented single sprint trials. Despite Newman et al. (2004) notions, the methods employed to assess leg strength may have influenced their findings and reduced their validity. For instance, Newman et al. (2004) highlighted that the isokinetic knee exten sion test they implemented was not specific to the conditions and movement patterns performed in the sporting environment. To elaborate, Flint-Wagner et al., 2009 highlighted that isokinetic strength tests generally require participants to be placed in a position that isolates the tested muscle. Specialized apparatus then gives resistance so that no matter how much force is exerted by the participant, movement takes place at a constant speed. Although this method of testing has been established as beneficial during the injury rehabilitation process for testing a specific area or joint movement (Cardone et al., 2004), the validity of the procedure has been has been questioned in able team-sport athletes. For example, research by Duthie et al. (2006) illustrated that during sports performance, seldom does one body part work in isolation at a constant speed. Instead, Newman et al. (2004) and later Duthie et al. (2006) recognised that muscles are required to work synergistically in an i ntegrated and co-ordinated fashion. This indicates that perhaps using a multi-joint strength measure would give a more valid reflection of muscular strength in rugby players, as muscles are required to interdependently. Even so, studies evaluating the effect of leg strength on the ability to sprint have been inclined to implement laboratory based isokinetic strength measures (Adams et al., 1992; Blazevich and Jenkins, 1998; Newman et al., 2004; Kin-Isler et al., 2008). Therefore, a study examining the relationship between a multi-joint strength measure and repeated sprint ability warrants investigation. 2.2 Brief vs. Prolonged Repeated Sprint Ability In addition to the strength measure used, recent studies on RSA have begun to examine the structure of the brief RSA protocols previously implemented (Oliver et al., 2007; Rampinini et al., 2007). To elucidate, a study by Oliver et al. (2007) examined the physiological relationship between brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability protocols. They identified that the participants maximal speed significantly decreased in the latter sets of the brief RSA test, but not in the prolonged test. This suggests that the brief RSA protocol previously employed by Newman et al. (2004) will have influenced the strength/RSA correlation witnessed. For example, Newman and colleagues implemented 20 second recovery periods in the RSA test, less than the half-life of CP re-synthesis (Gaitanos et al., 1993). According to Bishop and Edge (2006) who examined the determinants of RSA in female athletes, a short recovery period between sprints induces the accumulation of H+ ions, causing a reduction in repe ated sprint ability. Therefore, if Newman et al. (2004) had implemented prolonged periods of recovery between sprints (i.e. more than the half-life of CP re-synthesis), the relative contribution of the glycolytic and phosphagen systems will have changed, which would have affected the relationship between muscular leg strength and RSA. This idea was demonstrated by Oliver et al. (2007) who indicated that a relationship between muscular strength and prolonged repeated sprint recovery could be plausible, provided the recovery was long enough for near phosphagen repletion. Furthermore, Oliver et al. (2007) theorised that although brief RSA protocols are accurate for reflecting short intense periods of play, longer periods of recovery between sprints perhaps reflect a more accurate portrayal of the recovery patterns experienced throughout the course of a whole match. This view was endorsed by Bishop and Edge (2006) who stated that a large majority of sprints experienced during intermitte nt sports are separated by rest periods long enough (> 1 min) to allow complete or near complete recovery, over double the amount of rest implemented in the majority of RSA studies (Dawson et al., 1991; Newman et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2006; McGawley and Bishop, 2006; Spencer et al., 2008). Consequently, it appears that the correlation between leg strength and prolonged RSA has yet to be adequately understood, and thus, a study investigating this relationship requires examination. 2.3 Repeated Sprint Ability Protocols In addition to the length of recovery performed, recovery mode has been shown to affect ones performance during repeated sprint exercise, making it a key component of any RSA protocol. Recently, studies have produced contrasting findings in determining whether passive or active recovery is the most beneficial in resisting fatigue. Some studies have proposed that active recovery is superior as blood muscle flow is maintained, which enhances the buffering and removal of hydrogen ions (Bogdanis et al., 1996; Toubekis et al., 2008). Conversely, other studies have indicated that active recovery negatively affects the subsequent sprint performance, by inducing fatigue and slowing the rate of PC resynthesis (Dupont et al., 2003; Spencer et al., 2006). Despite this conflict, time motion analysis has illustrated that phases of recovery in team sports typically involve some sort of active work (i.e. jogging or shuffling into defensive position) (Spencer et al., 2004; Jougla et al. 2009). There fore, active recoveries appear to represent the most valid form of recovery when testing repeated sprint performance in rugby union players. Despite this knowledge, numerous repeated-sprint studies on team sport athletes have implemented passive recovery in their protocols (Bishop et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2006). Another factor that can affect repeated sprint performance is the length of each executed sprint. Previous studies on repeated sprint ability have typically used sprint distances requiring 6 seconds of work to assess their participants (Gaitanos et al., 1993; Dawson et al., 1997; Bishop et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2005). However, Spencer et al. (2004) suggested that shorter sprint durations of 4 seconds provide a more accurate portrayal of the sprint distances typically experienced during team sports. Spencer and colleagues based this notion on their time-motion analysis of RSA patterns in elite field hockey, which is deemed by Spencer et al. (2004) to elicit similar physiological demands to rugby union. In support, other time motion analysis studies by Duthie et al. (2006) and later Deutsch et al. (2007) reported that for all rugby positions, the mean duration of sprints was 2-4 seconds. This suggests that although 6 second sprints have been widely used within the literature, they ma y not be optimal for testing RSA in team sport athletes. This may explain why recent studies on team sport athletes have begun to implement shorter distances of 3-5s in their RSA protocols (Spencer et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007; Spencer et al., 2008), rather than the 6 second distances previously employed. Additionally, RSA studies on team sport athletes have typically included 5-10 sprints in their protocols, as this is thought to represent the most accurate depiction of a brief intense period of play (Gaitanos et al., 1993; Dawson et al., 1997; Bishop and Spencer., 2004; Bishop et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2005; Spencer et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007; Spencer et al., 2008), shown in table 1. This idea was forwarded by Spencer et al. (2004) who examined the number of repeated sprints executed during a brief intense period of play in elite hockey. A brief intense period of play was defined as a minimum of three high intensity sprints, with a mean recovery duration of less than 21 s. Spencer et al. (2006) findings revealed that the majority of intense phases of play were comprised of 3-7 sprints. Therefore, based on Spencer et al. (2004) findings and the majority of previous RSA studies, 5-10 sprints appear to most accurately represent a short intense period of play in team sports. A further variable to consider when designing RSA protocols is the mode of exercise performed. Although non-motorised treadmills and over-ground sprints provide the most accurate mode of assessing RSA in team sport athletes, they have been sparsely administered within the literature (Spencer et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). In contrast, Table 1 shows that the majority of RSA investigations have implemented cycle ergometers to analyse their participants (Gaitanos et al., 1993; Dawson et al., 1997; Bishop et al., 2004; Bishop and Spencer, 2004; Edge et al., 2005). Recently, experts have questioned the validity of employing cycle ergometry to assess team sport athletes, who primarily execute over-ground sprints in game situations (Fitzimmons et al., 1993; Bishop et al., 2001; Oliver et al., 2007). Therefore, it appears that although cycle ergometers may provide a convenient means for recording muscle biopsies, analysing gas samples and eliminating environmental conditions. For most f ield sports, cycle ergometers provide a poor reflection of the physiological movements typically experienced during a match. Hence, when assessing RSA in team sport athletes such as soccer, hockey and rugby players, the most valid method of assessment appears to be over-ground sprints, as used by Spencer et al. (2008) which is shown in Table 1. 2.4 Explosive Power Although the relationship between muscular leg strength and sprint performance has produced ambiguity within the literature (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson et al., 1998; Baker and Nance, 1999; Newman et al., 2004; Cronin and Hansen, 2005; Kin-Isler et al., 2008), recent studies have suggested that perhaps explosive power is more of an accurate determinant of sprint performance (Dowson et al., 1998; Hennessy and Kilty, 2001). Explosive power is defined as the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at high speeds, or (work/time) (Baechle and Earle, 2008). Investigations by Dowson et al. (1998) and Hennessy and Kilty (2001) have tested the effectiveness of explosive power in predicting sprint performance by implementing field based tests such as vertical countermovement jumps. Interestingly, Dowson et al. (1998) identified that the magnitude of force generated during a countermovement jump significantly correlated with the amount of speed an athlete pro duced during a single-sprint performance, indicating that explosive power could potentially be a direct predictor of sprint performance. In support, Hennessy and Kilty (2001) reported a similarly significant relationship between countermovement jumps and sprint performance in female athletes. They attributed this relationship to the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) witnessed during a countermovement jump. To elaborate, the stretch-shortening cycle was found to mimic the eccentric-concentric contractions of the leg extensor muscles experienced during sprinting, which directly facilitated sprint performance. After reviewing the literature, it appears that studies ascertaining the relationship between explosive power and a single sprint performance have produced consistent results, as well as being valuable in terms of ecological validity (Dowson et al., 1998; Hennessy and Kilty, 2001) compared to such laboratory based strength investigations (Adams et al., 1992; Blazevich and Jenkins, 1 998; Newman et al., 2004; Kin-Isler et al., 2008). However, research has continued to solely focus on the relationship between explosive power and a single sprint, neglecting the opportunity to examine the association between explosive power and repeated-sprint ability, despite research highlighting the specificity of RSA to the patterns of play witnessed during multi-sprint sports (Dawson et al., 1991; Newman et al., 2004; Bishop and Edge, 2006; Duthie et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). Subsequently, an investigation examining the effect of explosive power on brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability appears warranted in order to fully establish explosive power as the most accurate physiological predictor of RSA. Accordingly, the primary aim of current study was to examine the effect of muscular strength on brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability using a multi-joint strength measure. A secondary purpose was to ascertain if explosive power was a more valid determinant of brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability than muscular strength.

Europe And The New World :: essays research papers fc

Europe and the ‘New World’ Tutorial Question: Why were the ‘westerners’ (Spanish, English, Portuguese’s, French etc) able to displace the native people’s of America with, seemingly, relative ease? Was this evidence of a superior ‘civilisation’? Many believe that there is a great difference between ‘westerners’ and the native people of the lands they conquered. The truth is, that there is not great distinction, except in the minds of white men. ‘Westerners’ such as the French, Spanish, English and Portuguese have always believed in their own superiority. This confidence gave them the strength to displace the natives and also the justification for doing so. The civilized world seemed to grow, and change with new directions being mastered all the time, the ‘non civilized’ world seemed to stand still in a era recognized by Europeans as unprogressive and primitive. The Europeans viewed the Native Americans with mixed opinion, in many ways they despised their ignorance, while at the same time being in awe of their innocence. Despite this, leading opinion was that the native people of the new world were inferior to the Europeans and would have to become domesticated if they were to survive in the ‘new world.’ However was this triumph over the inhabitants of the land evidence of a superior civilisation? How does one define ‘Civilisation’? For if we are to discuss what is a superior and an inferior race then understanding of the term ‘civilisation’ is critical. The term ‘civilisation’ is used everyday and is understood by everyone, yet a proper definition is more difficult to pin down. The oxford university dictionary defines civilisation as: ‘a developed or advanced sate of human society.’ This is helpful, yet the question of how developed or how advanced is still relevant. Others have said that a civilized society is different from an uncivilized society because of certain attributes such as writing, cities, building etc. But agreement is difficult, it is much more safer not to rely on a single definition, instead look at examples of what everyone has agreed to call civilisations such as Greek or Rome . However, the term ‘civilisation’ still seems to be from a western point of view, for natives are not seen as civiliz ed because they do not fit into any definition mentioned above. The Native Americans were not advanced, they did not have buildings or cities and their lifestyle and customs had hardly resembled that of Greece or Rome.

Michael Jackson :: essays research papers fc

Michael Jackson My topic for my report is Michael Jackson. Michael Jackson is a longtime pop music star, known as the King of Pop. Michael is a winner of many Grammys and other music awards. My first subtopic goes into his music. The details giong into Music are his many albums, the many awards Michael Jackson has won, and the songs he has written. My second subtopic goes into the history of Michael Jackson. The details going itno History are Michael's family members, the places he has lived, and Michael Jackson's family life. My third subtopic goes into his tours. The details going itno Tours are the places he has given concerts, the incidents that happened on his tours, and the kinds of people that were at his concerts. My fourth subtopic goes goes into the interviews of Michael Jackson. The details going into Interviews are the television interviews, the magazine interviews, and the newspaper interviews. To find all of this out, you have to be patient and read this report! Michael Jackson is the King of Pop music. When Michael Jackson was nine years old, he started being the lead singer of the Jackson 5. The Jackson 5 also consisted of his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon. (Jackson: 8) The Jackson 5 had many songs. Michael Jackson's first solo album is called "Off the Wall," and it first released in 1979. The songs on "Off The Wall" include "Don't Stop Till You Get Enough" and "Rock With You." His following albums include "Bad," "Thriller," and "Dangerous." Michael had a 2 CD album called "HIStory Past, Present, and Future Book 1," and it first released in 1995. The first CD has his most popular songs from the past. The second CD has his newest including "Scream," which is a duet with with his younger sister Janet Jackson, "You Are Not Alone," which was a 1996 Grammy Awards nominee, and "Childhood," which is the theme to "Free Willy 2." Some of his past songs include "Black And White," "Billie Jean," "Thriller," "Beat It," "Remember The Time," and "Heal The World." Michael Jackson has been famous for so long that he has won many awards, especially Grammys. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana. His Mother's name is Katherine and his father's name is Joseph. Michael's older siblings are Maureen, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, and Marlon. (Jackson: 8) Michael's younger siblings are Randy and Janet. (Jackson: 8) Janet is a famous pop music star just like her older brother Michael. Tito's sons Taj, Taryll,

‘In Paris With You’ by James Fenton and ‘Hour’ by Carol An Duffy Essay

James Fenton born 25th of April 1949 is a modern English poet, journalist a literary critic and was also a former Oxford professor of poetry. He wrote several books about poetry mostly about relationship and war like the collection of poems ‘The Memory of War’. He received multiple of awards for his poetry, the latest was in 2007 when he was rewarded a ‘Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry’. Carol Ann Duffy born 23 December 1955 is also a modern Scottish poet and playwright. Her poetry style speaks about everyday life experiences through stages of her life about love, memory and languages. She wrote poetry collection, children books and plays. Both poets show heavy feelings about love in their respectful poems but each poem contains different contents but apply to the same theme: love. In Paris With You makes the reader think that the poem is romantic but it actually an anti-clichà © poem that focuses mostly on the poet’s bitterness towards love because he speaks about his experience with his rejected love and his rebound relationship, the poem rejects conventional ideas about love. He might have been in love before and she left him, that is seen when he says â€Å"Yes I’m angry at the way I’m been bamboozled.† and that is why he’s hurt and in need of forgetting about his former lover but isn’t quite there yet when he starts the poem in a negative way: â€Å"Don’t talk to me of love. I’ve had an earful† This suggests that the narrator finds the subject of love difficult to discuss because of his share of love and heartbreak. Throughout the poem ‘Don’t’ is repeated and that indicates repetition in the first and last two stanza, it also shows how controlling Fenton was with his former lover when he’s always saying ‘Don’t’ as she left him. This gives the reader an impression of the poet is possessive and heartbroken because of the ending of his former relationship. The sentence ‘Don’t talk to me of love’ and that proves that the man is determined on keeping the subject of love out of a conversation and detest it being brought up by cause of his heartbreak from his past relationship as if trying to protect himself from further pain. I find the way the poet started the poem in a negative way really intense because the poet jumps into the subject without pleasantries towards love and doesn’t hide his distaste towards it and shows his deep  bitterness against love. Fenton also talks about how he’s victimized and has a feeling of self-pity by love throughout the poem when he describes the state he has been when his relationship ended with his ex lover, how he spent it hurt and drowning his misery with alcohol to help him forget. In the first stanza, he says: ‘I’m one of your talking wounded.’ That has a strong imagery of war because ‘wounded’ suggests that someone is injured in battle and in this case, injured because of love. The poet also mentions that: ‘I’m a hostage. I’m maroonded’ and that show us his emphasize on him being abandoned and deserted as he describes it as he’s trapped and stranded. He uses metaphors when he says that he’s really trapped as a ‘hostage’ and left alone in an inescapable place. He shows rebellion when he says ‘maroonded’ instead ‘marooned’ which is the right term. It gives the reader and idea of how painful love is to the poet and lowers the reader’s expectations of romance and love. Fenton uses a comical rhyme in ‘wounded’ and ‘maroonded’ to add a humor into the poem to lighten up the mood of the poem despite the bitterness. I think that the way the poet describes himself is in a devastating state after being deceived by love. The poem’s title ‘In Paris With You’ suggests a romantic theme but it’s ironic that Paris is the city of love but Fenton is only in Paris because he’s on the rebound but only because Paris reminds him of his former relationship. He uses repetition of ‘I’m in Paris with You’ throughout the poem reflects the speaker’s insistent concentration on the present. Fenton then goes off listing to show his disdain towards Paris’ landmark and how he doesn’t want to visit Paris’ romantic landmarks ‘If we skip the Champs Elysees’ meaning he would rather ‘remain here in this sleazy, old hotel room’ meaning that the poet rejects the traditional and usual romantic gestures and places in Paris and that they are unimportant and that shows us that he doesn’t care about the scenery around him as long being together with his lover, but stay in Paris is only about being on the rebound to forge t his former love, and that he’d rather stay in a cheap hotel room instead of going out to romantic Paris features. It creates an image in the reader’s mind of the tone of this poem where it goes from bitter, sad and  mournful and tells us that the poet doesn’t actually care about the woman or lover he had in company. There’s enjambment between stanzas three and four in ‘†¦in this sleazy†¦Old hotel room.’ That is used because the poet wants the poem read in a faster pace instead of a slow one without pauses in between stanzas so it shows the poet’s thoughts. I think the way the poet emphasize his bitterness towards love resulted to him turning towards alcohol and lust, his behavior is relatable in many ways because after a heartbreak, people tend to try to forget their feelings and their aching heart. Hour talks about how time is an enemy of love and how it destroys love with how quick it goes, that time is an obstacle for love and Duffy starts the poem with: â€Å"Love’s time beggar,† which is personification and it suggests that love is dependent and is a slave for time, that it doesn’t last forever and that is a negative sign. This has a huge impact on the reader because when being in love, there is never enough time to spend together with your lover and it goes quickly. The personification show us the image of love being a beggar and time being someone who would pass by and offer, that is when Duffy used â€Å"†¦but even a single hour, bright as a dropped coin, makes love rich.† And that means that time, which is the passer, offers love only an hour to be spent on and narrator values that and it also shows strong imagery of wealth to present that the love is far more precious than all the wealth in the world. This also suggests to the reader that the time spent between the speaker and her love is valuable for the both of them. Like I said above, love being put as a beggar has a negative tone and that only highlights the fact that time is a problem for love. The poem is a extended metaphor that time wastes love and that is seen when the narrator says: â€Å"For thousands of seconds we kiss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that could only mean that the narrator in the poem has been counting the time because she still couldn’t get enough of her lover. Throughout the poem, the poet uses various of imagery of wealth that identifies that the narrator finds the hour spent with her love one precious to her, Duffy uses the sentence: â€Å"love spins gold, gold, gold from straw,† which links to the story of Rumplestilskin where it also talks about how straw turns to gold, it also introduces the contrast to show that opposite  things mentioned in the poem like ‘jewel’ and ‘cuckoo spit’ and in the sentence, the poet says that love is spinning from straw which is negative and an ordinary thing to gold showing that love is cherished and valued. If the reader has experienced love in their life, they will find themselves relating to certain parts of the poem and find that longing love does indeed leave you finding the small amount of time precious. Duffy uses colour like ‘gold’ and wealth imagery when she mentions ‘coin’ – ‘rich’ – ‘treasure’ and etcetera to emphasize that love is more valuable than all the wealth and treasures of the world. I could agree that being in love with someone could leave you dependent on that person and set them as your reason of happiness and that is a beautiful thing, however, people shouldn’t rely on love too much because it will leave them in pain when the other person break their heart or falls out of love. Duffy uses romantic imagery in the first stanza, line 3 and 4 where she shows how unromantic scenery is more than enough for her that her and her lover would rather be out in nature. She says: â€Å"Spend it not on flowers or wine, but the whole of the summer sky and a grass ditch.† And that the place to her isn’t important as long as her lover and she are together, she prefers the outdoors because of the natural setting that surrounds them because of its simplicity. It also displays sign of sibilance and the effectiveness of the narrator’s feeling and her lover would rather enjoy the nature and the natural air instead of going on typical and traditional dates (courting) and that shows non-conventional ideas of love. The reader would find the idea of being out in nature a bit strange for dates but some may relate. Duffy suggests that â€Å"the summer sky and a grass ditch† which is far away from being a traditional place to spend with your love one but the narrator finds it an exceeding choice to enjoy the ‘summer sky’ and not be distracted with people in public, romantic places because the narrator only has an hour to spend it with her love. I find the setting of the poem odd to be a place spent by two people but it only defines who her lover and her are as a couple in this society and how different they are from the rest of normal couples and that is special. Both poems have similarity because they both show vivid feeling conveyed by  the poet. Whilst In Paris with You is bitter towards love, Hour is more about how time is an obstacle for love and spending an hour with your loved one is precious. The structure in both poems is also different. The similarities between both poems use metaphoric language to describe emotional feelings and also write in first person. I like the ‘In Paris With You’ poem because it had a deeper meaning into the words and people would have to read between the lines to finally get it with poetry. ‘Hour’ is a beautiful poem but I didn’t find myself pulled deeper into the words but Duffy does display both light and darkness and that is something interesting.

Health Literacy Essay

I. Background Child health is an essential indicator of the quality of life in developing countries. Mothers’ literacy is often positively associated with improved child health and nutritional status (Glewwe, 1999). The possession of literacy increases the ability of a mother or a family to acquire more knowledge. Improvements in child health are considered as the consequences of enhanced of mother’s knowledge. In short, literacy affects health, and health affects educational achievement (Grosse, 1989). Because the correlation between literacy, health, wealth and well-being is becoming increasingly important, it is crucial to include health literacy as skills required for an adult ‘to function’ in a community (Kickbusch, 2001). Health literacy has been recognized as a key outcome measure of health promotion interventions (Nutbeam, 1996). It can be categorized as basic/functional health literacy, communicative/interactive health literacy and critical literacy. Each level has different ‘autonomy and personal empowerment’. Individual attention is focused on developing the skills and confidence to make choices that enhance individual health outcomes (Nutbeam, 2000). As the highest level, critical literacy ideally will be achieved in which people have this capability to search for information, assess the reliability of that information and use that information to have a better control over their health determinants (Nutbeam and Renkert, 2001). Following this health literacy concept, Nutbeam and Renkert (2001) define mother’s health literacy as ‘the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of women to gain access to, understand and use the information in ways that promote and maintain their health and that of their children’. In terms of literacy, Indonesia has a relatively high of literacy rate of 90% (UNICEF, 2007). However, people with adequate literacy for dealing with  familiar concepts and practices, such as household management can discover a considerable difficulty to understand unfamiliar issues, such as health care information (Kalichman and Rompa, 2000). For mothers, health literacy skills are important factors in predicting child health outcomes. Indonesia as a developing country still faces many child health problems. Infant, neonatal and under-5 mortality rate was relatively high (26, 17 and 34 per 1000 live births, respectively) in 2006. Child immunization coverage is still considerably low with measles coverage of 66. 2%, MCV (80%), DPT (75%) and hepatitis (74%) among one-year-olds (WHO, 2009). Many studies show that low literacy is related with several adverse health outcomes (DeWalt, 2004). One of the ways to improve child health is likely by improving mother’s health literacy. Many recent studies have examined the impact of mother’s health literacy on child health (Sandiford, 1995). However, there are few studies focused on the barriers to mother’s health literacy. This study will investigate barriers are there to improve mother’s health literacy on child health and find solutions might overcome the barriers. II. Objectives 1. To investigate the level of mother’s health literacy in province of Aceh (functional, interactive or critical health literacy of mothers toward child health care, participation in child care programme in villages or sub districts, health seeking behaviours, efforts to gain access to health services). 2. To explore what barriers are there to improve mother’s health literacy on child health 3. To evaluate solutions that might overcome the barriers in order to enhance mother’s health literacy. 4. To create a model of intervention to improve maternal health literacy III. Methodology This research will be conducted in quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative methods will investigate the data about the mothers’ functional, interactive and critical health literacy toward the child health care, the utilisation of primary health care by mothers in terms of health seeking behaviour, child immunization coverage and monitoring of children’s nutritional status. The data will be collected by using structured questionnaires. The functional literacy will use the structured questionnaires of Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) (Baker, 1999) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) (Bass, 2003) while the interactive and critical health literacy questionnaires will be designed by modifying the existing researches that study of maternal health literacy. Then, the results will be categorized by scoring into Inadequate, Marginal and Adequate health literacy. Before the questionnaire is used for the investigation, the validity and reliability tests will be performed. In the qualitative stage, I will conduct personal interviews and focus group discussions to find out the barriers and solutions to improve maternal health literacy. Semi-structured personal interviews will be used for mothers and health care staff (physicians, nurses and midwifes) from villages and sub-district health services. Respondents will be interviewed individually and privacy will be maintained during the interview. For focus group discussions, they will be purposively selected to ensure the maximum variation to ensure a diversity of views about barriers to improve mothers’ health literacy within the sample. For each group, initial contact will be made by a gatekeeper such as co-ordinator of village mother’s association, wife of head of village and village midwife. All groups will be facilitated by the researcher, recorded with the participants’ permission and will be fully transcribed. Sampling strategy Participant will be recruited from women who have children (younger or older children) in disparate geographical areas (social/cultural/ethnic mix) to look for contextual difference and from different level of education (no education, basic, advanced and higher education). The sample will be recruited purposively from the population data of department of health in Aceh. Women who are willing to participate, speak either Indonesia or Acehnese, and are articulate will be purposively selected for the qualitative study. For the quantitative study, respondents will be selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. All respondent selected will be assured that participation is voluntary. Data analysis The recorded interviews will be transcribed word for word into the language of the interview (Bahasa Indonesia, but Acehnese will be used as many people in rural areas cannot speak bahasa) and then translated into English. Categories for analysis of data will be identified at the beginning. The transcripts will be analyzed and allocated from each subject to various categories. Data will then be analyzed according to these categories. The quantitative data will be analized using SPSS statistical software version 19. 0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill). IV. Significance Indonesia is a developing country with a population of nearly 250 million. Low literacy and high fertility coupled with poor economy translates into high morbidity and mortality. Women and children are the most vulnerable segments in terms of health. It is important to improve maternal health literacy and other factors related to health services in order to increase child health care. It is a multi sector program that involves many stake holders including health department, medical education and community. It is important for medical education institution to educate their graduations of health promotion and health education against the current trend of medical education that is more likely to be a curative and specialist view. V. Others USA is a developed country and well known for its reputable universities especially for public health subjects. Health system in the US is different from Indonesia that will allow me to learn more about health education especially maternal health literacy in the US health system. The project will be conducted in three years. The detail of timeline can be found in the table below. Table 1. The timeline of research No| Years| Year 1| Year 2| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| Refine research question| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2| Preparation of proposal| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3| Literature review and process the local and university ethical issues| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4| Produce the questioners | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5| Data collection| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6| Data analysis| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. No| Years| Year 3| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 6| Data analysis (continued)| | | | | | | | | | | | | 8| Writing initial draft| | | | | | | | | | | | | 9| Proof reading | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10| Revision and hand in| | | | | | | | | | | | | References Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Education and Counseling. 1999, 38:33-42. Bass PF, Wilson JF, and Griffith CH. A Shortened Instrument for Literacy Screening. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2003,18:1036-1038. Glewwe. P. Why does mother’s schooling raise child health in developing countries? evidence from Morocco. The Journal of Human Resources. 1999; 34 (1): 124 – 159. Grosse R. N. Literacy and health status in developing counties. Annual Review Public Health. 1989; 34: 281 – 97. Kickbusch I. S. Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide. Health Promotion International. 2001; 16 (3): 289 – 97. Nutbeam D. Achieving ‘best practice’ in health promotion: improving the fit between research and practice. Health Education Research. 1996; 11 (3): 317 – 26. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International. 2000; 15 (3): 259 – 67. Nutbeam D and Renkert S. Opportunities to improve maternal health literacy through antenatal education: an exploratory study. Health Promotion International. 2001; 16 (4): 38 – 88. Kalichman S. C and Rompa D. Functional health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people living with HIV-AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2000; 25: 337 – 44. The World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) for Indonesia. 2009. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. who. int/whosis/data/Search. jsp? indicators=[Indicator]. Members DeWalt D. A et. al. Literacy and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004; 19: 1228 – 39. Sandiford P, Cassel J, Montenegro M and Sanchez G. The impact of women’s literacy on child health and its interaction with access to health services. Population Investigation Committee. 1995; 49 (1): 5 – 17. Health Canada. Toward a Healthy Future: Second Report on the Health of Canadians. 1999. Retrieved Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/ph-sp/report-rapport/toward/pdf/toward_a_healthy_english. PDF Provincial health office Aceh province. Health profile of Aceh province in 2007. Banda Aceh-Indonesia. 2007. Rahmad Y. 2008, menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi. The Globe Journal Banda Aceh. 2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from: http://www. theglobejournal. com/detilberita. php? id=1586 Serambi news, Di aceh masih banyak perempuan buta huruf. Serambi Indonesia. 2/12/2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from: http://www. serambinews. com/old/index. php? aksi=bacaberita&beritaid=59771&rubrik=1&topik=13 The United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Statistics Basic Indicator for Indonesia. 2007. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. unicef. org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics. html.

Is the norwegian language under threat?

Is the Norwegian language under threat†? More and more words from other languages is blending in, in the Norwegian language. The biggest threat† to the Norwegian language is English. As the English language slowly took over most parts of the world as the official language of several post-colonized country, it's on the way to take the Norwegian language completely our tongue. No one can deny the fact how much English has Influence our every day, It's a well-known fact that Norwegian words Is substituted with English. AmericanEnglish Is settling faster than British English on the Norwegian shelf. USA has basically been the most dominant force after the Second World War, they have expanded their businesses on a massive scale, they reign supreme on the entertainment and In term of science and technology field, USA Is one of, If not on top. These popular fields which they have exceeded on also bring their American- English on top, other businesses, entertainment Industries, an d the science- technological world must cope with them and, they have to use American-English more consistently on every day basis. They provide the information to the people. D people to tend to catch on words than can maybe explain a word on their mother tongue better or simply because it is a lot simpler to say that word, English tends to be not so difficult language to learn, even for young children, as they use technological devices and internet to read information, or to even play games, chic portrays a strong role, to learn young children into learning English. If this continues, American-English would eradicate the Norwegian language a lot faster than we think. As the linguistic Selfless Limier said, we have to find means to end this American-English language takeover, he mentioned that we need to convert basic English word back into Norwegian e. G bacon-O sidedness. This way we may stand a chance to preserve Norwegian. My thoughts on this matter is straightforward, American -English landed firmly on Norwegian soil and it's here to stay for good, the question remains is how long does it going to take before English becomes the official language of this country. A large number of well know industries which is located in Norway, do only speak English and you also have to apply for the Job on English, even though it means working onNorwegian land, I myself have experienced this. Remember what the history of the English language has done to the population of the world, slowly clawed Its way to the top the tongues of the inhabitants by certain ways, and drained the native language form their core and replaced It with English words and or as an official language Is history doomed to repeat Itself or does the Norwegian language stand a chance, our next generations will live to tell the tale. BY ibbi2206 our tongue. No one can deny the fact how much English has influence our every day, it's a well-known fact that Norwegian words is substituted with English.

Eeffective spheres of development Essay

I believe that to facilitate human learning, a more flexible, more nurturing environment would be needed. Human learning is most often an active cognitive process. Habituation and observational learning require participants to actively attend to the environment, to encode what they have witnessed and to retain this information before showing any evidence of learning. By developmental, I mean the emphasis on the identifiable patterns of growth and models of perceiving and responding, characterized by increasing differentiation and progressive integration as a function of chronological age. By Interaction, I mean the emphasis on the child’s interaction with the environment – adults, other children, and the material world, and second to the interaction between cognitive and effective spheres of development. Indeed, whether one is a formal leader or an informal leader, one can lead with power. A leader is also a follower and sometimes it is important, even necessary, for the leader to listen to others, and follow them. Whatever one’s position or relationship, others may know more than the leader. As Will Rogers was fond of saying, â€Å"We are all ignorant, only on different subjects. † So there are times when the leader also needs to follow. It will all depend on the situation he is in. This is my verbal communication weakness. Since I have a lot of inputs in my head, I get carried away when talking about something. I may get high marks for encouraging them at times I tend to be a boor when I dominate a conversation. I do not want to be branded an egocentric fascinated with the sound of my own voice. I am conscious about barraging them with my words. My life in college has been such an exciting time for me. I never thought it would be this good. Meanwhile, attention is important because individuals cannot learn much by observation unless they perceive and take heed on the significant aspects of the modeled behavior (Delores Isom, 1998). Retention is significant because unless the individual remembers what it has paid attention to, there would be no mental guide for emulating the modeled behavior. Reproduction refers to the physical ability to transduce the mental guide into actual behavior. Motivation provides the impetus for imitating the modeled behavior, thereby demonstrating what one has learned. Motivation can either be positive in the form of reinforcement, or negative in the form of punishment. People must be allowed to try things out and fall. It also means that they must be given answers only after they have generated questions. Applying this in a teacher-student relationship, in order to leverage the processes of natural learning, teachers must offer answers on an as-needed basis. Instead of making the students conform to a schedule of instruction, we must make the schedule of instruction conform to the student. Teachers should take first things first. They must first be concerned with goals, since before they can proceed, students must first acquire goals which interest them. Goals must underlie education. This emphasizes what Rosenthal and Jacobsen (1968) meant about teachers not forming any expectations about their students but allowing them the freedom to try things on their own. I think these critical thinking skills can help people achieve peace in the workplace. For example, the responsibility aspect will spur more insights about ethical dilemmas that arise at all levels in the business world. People may face situations in their work or dealings with other people in which ethical dilemmas arise. The individuals in these cases are faced with ethical questions in their relations with customers, employees, and members of a larger society. More often than not, the answers to these questions are difficult because it involves weighing of values. Conflicting values in a given situation are not capable of compromise. One has to choose one over another. Sometimes, the ethically correct course of action is clear, and hopefully individuals act accordingly. But the answers are often not simple. The dilemma is most commonly presented when ethical concerns come into conflict with the practical demands of business. The field of business ethics has grown from the interest of a few philosophers into an interdisciplinary area of study that has found a secure niche in both the liberal arts and the standard business curricula. Credit for this development belongs to many individuals.