Financial Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Budgetary - Term Paper Example 900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Discount Factor @ 12% Cost of Capital 1.00 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567 Present Value (?5,150,000) ?803,700 ?1,275,200 ?1,317,200 ?699,600 ?1,261,575 NPV ?207,275 NPV:- ?5,150,000 + ?803,700 + ?1,275,200 + ?1,317,200 + ?699,600 + ?1,261,575 = ?207,275 The Net Present Value of an organization is the estimation of a future number as far as today. It fundamentally helps in discovering a project’s is benefit. It requires discovering the current estimation of every future income limited at a particular worth, which is the expense of capital of the task given as a rate. It utilizes the idea of limited incomes. Time Cash Flow (?5,150,000) ?900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Yr 0 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Cash Flow (?5,150,000) ?900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Discount Factor @ 14% Cost of Capital 1.00 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519 Present Value (?5,150,000) ?789,300 ?1,230,400 ?1,248,750 ?651,200 ?1,154,775 NPV (?75,575) NPV = - ?5,150,000 + ?789,300 + ?1,230,400 + ?1,248,750 + ?651,200 + ?1,154,775 NPV = (?75,575) Payback = 4,250,000 †900,000 (Yr 1) †1,600,000 (Yr 2) = 1750000 ? 1,850,000 (Yr 3) * 12 Payback = 2 Years and 11 months This is a procedure used to quantify the plausibility of undertakings as far as the quantity of years that it takes to take care of an underlying venture. It is estimated in number of years till full recuperation and the accompanying recipe can be utilized to gauge it. Restitution = No. of years preceding full recuperation + Unrecovered cost at start of year/Cash stream during full recuperation year. Restitution fundamentally speaks to the timeframe during which the underlying speculation gets recouped. IRR: To ascertain IRR, a negative NPV would be determined. Henceforth a markdown factor of 14% is chosen. IRR = LDR + [PV1/PV1-PV2]* (HDR-LDR) LDR = Lower Discount Rate HDR = Higher Discount Rate Pv1 = Present Value at Lower Rate of Ret urn Pv2= Present Value at Higher Rate of Return IRR = 12% + [207,275/207,275 †(- 75,575) * (14% - 12%)] IRR = 13.46% IRR is where the NPV is equivalent to zero. It is the ideal worth where a venture is generally helpful. IRR can measure the benefit of a proposed venture by thinking about the idea of limited incomes. IRR isn't anything but difficult to be determined as some other bookkeeping measure, for example, NPV and whenever done then it doesn't offer exact responses. It is done on an experimentation. b) Provide a method of reasoning for your treatment of starting exploration, deterioration and working capital, supporting your answer with connections to hypothesis quickly demonstrate different contemplations which may likewise influence the choice Initial examination would not be incorporated inside the Net Present Value (NPV) computation. This is on the grounds that the underlying examination cost had just been brought about before beginning the undertaking thus the expens e was regarded to be a sunk expense. Sunk expenses are not to be incorporated inside the NPV computation in light of the fact that these expenses have just been acquired and that don't influence the choice of either starting or prematurely ending any marketable strategy. Devaluation costs don't get included inside the estimation of NPV. This is on the grounds that deterioration is a non-money thing and the NPV absolutely establishes money related things as for the time estimation of cash. In spite of the fact that deterioration cost is just included inside the NPV computation so as to find out the Tax reserve funds. The expense investment funds on remittances permitted by the assessment specialists are just included

My Style Shoe Store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Style Shoe Store - Essay Example Beginning the store would simply be a one brand store in view of high customization that is accessible for the clients there barely is a need to create elective shoe marks, this is so in light of the fact that various brands are made to take into account various portions of society and individuals yet when individuals can pick the material, plan and structure that the shoe would comprise of there scarcely exists a requirement for having numerous brands of the shoe. Notwithstanding this simply having one brand while beginning would make it simpler for the store to advance its uniqueness and would make it simpler regarding expenses and showcasing exercises in addition to it would be simpler for the brand to slice through the messiness of various brands by various organizations and henceforth it would demonstrate useful for the store in the beginning periods of its improvement in the market all in all. In today’s condition it is significant for any up and coming business thought to be exceptional so it can separate itself from the current brands in the market only not for separation yet additionally in light of the fact that there are advertise pioneers that would not need the market to be entered by new comers and henceforth uniqueness is the response to the smothering rivalry that each organization faces in this cutting edge time. What better route would there be to slice through this messiness than the utilization of innovation and at that best in class innovation to slice through the opposition and consequently the possibility of a store where clients are given the greatest customization opportunity-your shoe, you plan it! This is the fundamental subject of the undertaking that we have at the top of the priority list. The accounts for this store have been made through individual commitments made by the accomplices just as financing through bank advances on the grounds th at the innovation that must be utilized in the store must be uniquely evolved and henceforth was exorbitant however this sort of innovation has been licensed

Alien Nation or Conspiracy Theory free essay sample

Science is Extraordinary Since I was a young man I’ve been keen on the immense field of science. I love everything from DNA investigation to investigating the far cosmic systems. When acquainted with the hypothesis that we (as in people) were by all account not the only life-shapes on this planet, I was in a split second snared. Watching appears on the disclosure channel about outsider mimicry took my breath away every time I saw them. By the transitive property, the universe is boundless, thusly the measures of planets are interminable, and hence the measures of living things are unending. The one thing I abhorred about the investigation of outsiders was that there was never hard proof, just fluffy stories from â€Å"wack-job† ranchers. So when I found an article containing data about the Roswell UFO occurrence and different stories, I immediately needed to utilize this article as my examination for class. UFO Info Many records of individuals seeing UFOs have been known about. We will compose a custom article test on Outsider Nation or Conspiracy Theory or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They have been gotten notification from a wide range of better places from everywhere throughout the world. The Roswell UFO Incident is a case where an article crash arrived on a farm on July 2, 1947, roughly 75 miles northwest of Roswell, leaving a huge field of trash. A farmer professed to discover pieces from an outsider shuttle close to his property. In the end the USAAF (United States Army Air Force) said that the accident was from a trial climate swell. A few people accept this was a real rocket; some accept that a Japanese spyplane smashed. The Roswell Incident was directly around the hour of an enormous pace of development of innovation in the United States. A few people accept that outsiders helped people and shared their innovation, which is the reason we had the innovation blast. One individual who accepts these speculations is a man named William Cooper. He attempts to evidence that outsiders do exist in his article UFO Cover-Up: Alien Nation Or Conspiracy Theory? Cooper’s First Encounter Cooper experienced childhood in a military family. He served for the United States Air Force and the United States Navy for a serious long time. Knowing this, one should realize he voyaged everywhere throughout the world serving. He had consistently heard accounts of UFOs from other servicemen however never trusted them. Cooper saw his first UFO while on his submarine, the U. S. S. Tyroot, which at the time was on travel between Portland/Seattle zone and Pearl Harbor. Cooper was successful in his case that he saw a UFO. He utilized so much detail portraying the saucer; it was the size of a Midway class bearer which tumbled on its pivot around 2. 5 nautical miles from his submarine. He even gave the specific name of his official, Ensign Ball, who additionally observed the saucer again minutes after the fact. He even makes an incredible case expressing that it was certainly not from this world, in light of the fact that no man-caused machine to can fly noticeable all around then seconds after the fact viably fly underneath the ocean (William Cooper, UFO Cover-Up, abovetopsecret. om). Cooper Finds More Shortly after his first experience on the submarine, Cooper was sent to Vietnam as a watch vessel skipper. His activity was to watch the territory around the DMZ. He at that point found that there were additionally reports of UFO action in Vietnam, too. He saw that messages of aggressors were accounted for as ‘enemy helicopters. ’ He reali zed that the North Koreans didn't have any helicopters; they utilized guerilla fighting strategies. They unquestionably didn't have helicopters after the main U. S. air assaults (abovetopsecret. com). Cooper’s guarantee was viable in light of the fact that he was a keen warrior depicting fighter phrasing. Any regular citizen would have not scrutinized a message of ‘enemy helicopters’ in Vietnam, but since Cooper was an officer he realized the North Vietnamese didn't have any. This shows a significant imperfection in the phrasing utilized and demonstrates that something was attempting to be concealed. He even reviewed that he knew without a doubt one whole town vanished in one night (abovetopsecret. com). Cooper is certain beyond a shadow of a doubt that UFOs/outsiders are among this world, presently. Roswell Plus More Cooper keeps on saying that he got records that were so mind blowing it took him some time to understand that they were genuine (he alludes to the archives revealing outsider movement) (abovetopsecret. com). He at that point says something about the messages he gets â€Å"Occasionally we would get messages . . . what's more, it would be coded so that the sum total of what you had were answers to questions which you didn’t realize what the inquiries were so you truly didn’t recognize what the message was all about† (abovetopsecret. com). Cooper at that point says he gets some answers concerning Project Grudge and Operation Majority. Resentment contained history of outsider association since the mid 1930s and discussed the German Nazis attempting to copy the innovation they found in a smashed UFO around that time (abovetopsecret. com). He at that point raises what individuals hold to be the greatest UFO riddle of time: the Roswell UFO Incident. He asserts Russian and U. S. Researchers revamped a brought down rocket in Roswell, New Mexico. He asserts there were outsiders (one alive and the rest dead) recuperated from the art; he saw photos of live outsiders, of post-mortems, inside organs, and of the alive outsider ‘E. B. (where it passed on June 2, 1952) in its bondage (abovetopsecret. com). From the outset he was ineffectual in his case since his own validity is being addressed without anyone else. He conspicuously says that the messages he got couldn’t consistently be decoded, which shows that the data he is surrendering could be made. Be that as it may, when he makes reference to Project Grudge (which truly is genuine) and the Roswell UFO Incident, his case was in a split second powerful about these episodes that he referenced in light of the fact that these are notable cases where the Discovery Channel and different stations do gives an account of innumerable quantities of times. It’s a lot harder to deny proof somebody has seen with express detail than to prevent a standard case from claiming a legend. One Short Shock One key thought Cooper discusses is concealed innovation tucked away among us today. He says that a great deal of our improvement innovation has been traded out with Area 51 since the finish of WWII all the time and certainly asserts that â€Å"We had innovation route past the restrictions of what we have been told† (abovetopsecret. com). Cooper is viable in this case in light of the fact that regardless of whether one trusts in outsiders or not, this is known to be valid from the present gracefully and request rule. The administration discharges small amounts of innovation at once while continually refreshing stealthily. Territory 51 has additionally been heard to reserve innovation, which likewise helps Cooper’s hypothesis that we have innovation past us shrouded some place. Refering to Oberth Cooper offers backing to his own motivation by refering to Professor James Oberth, who was a notable scientific genius around the hour of this innovation blast. Cooper refers to that Oberth tended to people in general with the announcement [about mechanical advancement]: â€Å"Gentlemen, we can't assume acknowledgment for all the innovative improvements that we have had in the most recent decade. We have had help† (abovetopsecret. com). He halted there, suggesting that an increasingly predominant power helped them with the mechanical progressions. Oberth’s guarantee suggests that there outsiders/UFO among mankind as of now. Cooper’s source was successful in his case that outsiders are among us. Except if there are mystery human prodigies that moved the nation into mechanical progression, there must be an increasingly insightful power helping the scientific geniuses. The main clarification for this knowledge is astute creatures not of this world. This explanation certainly help’s Cooper’s contention that outsiders do in certainty exist. Venture Redlight Cooper proceeds to discuss Project Redlight. This undertaking was to be completed at Area 51, code name Dreamland, which was requested to be worked by President Eisenhower. The mission was to test/fly outsider art. This worked out in a good way until a blast was seen over a three-state zone executing the pilots (abovetopsecret. com). Cooper at that point says that outsiders provided us with three aliencraft and helped U. S. pilots figure out how to fly. One of Cooper’s key cases to the way that outsiders do exist follows as such from an announcement â€Å"The venture is progressing and we currently have not just outsider art that we are flying, we have make we have constructed, utilizing the caught innovation, and a portion of the UFO’s that individuals report finding in the United States, and possibly somewhere else, are flown by United States personnel† (abovetopsecret. com). Cooper was very successful in his case that outsiders do exist. In addition to the fact that he named the particular task name and strategic proof, he utilized an immediate statement (from an obscure source) that United States individual currently can fly aliencraft. This solid contention surely stuns me. The main thing that could make this case incapable is the way that Cooper didn't list who offered that expression. The speaker ought to be noted for a peruser to pass judgment on the believability of the case. Quality In Numbers William Cooper raises the Billy Goodman appear in Las Vegas. He says it’s the main show that numerous guests can bring in and converse with one another for an assigned timeframe as long as there is no foulness. The explanation he brings this up is on the grounds that several individuals said they saw outsiders at a spot called Groom Lake. In the long run one hundred individuals kept watch on the primary night after this was heard. Soon after these hundred individuals kept watch, a similar one hundred individuals said they saw four aliencraft fly, doing things that no plane and no helicopter could do (abovetopsecret. om). One hundred individuals unquestionably reinforce Cooper’s thought that outsiders/UFOs do in actuality exist. These one hundred peopleâ€?

M.P Tourism free essay sample

Madhya Pradesh experiences poor availability, no immediate connects to numerous vacationer areas and a street arrange which needs dire improvement. The state the travel industry experiences the twin issue of low mindfulness and low exposure as a visitor goal and low quality of ‘tourism product’. Poor availability and poor foundation further bother the circumstance. Despite the fact that MP State Tourism Development Corporation (MPSTDC) has set up inns and offices at all the significant (fourteen) vacationer areas and the state has set up a forward looking the travel industry arrangement with Eco-experience the travel industry as its USP, the development of the travel industry has been moderate. In the most recent decade the vacationer appearances have developed at a moderate pace of 0. 65% p. a, with the local visitors developing at 0. 55% and remote travelers developing at 7%. In 2000-2001, complete traveler appearances remain at around 11. 5 lac. The quantity of remote sightseers is little at around one lac. Clearly, this implies low financial advantages from the travel industry, poor inn inhabitances, absence of intrigue and debilitation of the travel industry related associations. We will compose a custom article test on M.P Tourism or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The report has illustrated a system and has recommended an objective for the travel industry division to twofold the vacationer traffic to around 20 lac in the following decade and treble it to 33 lacs toward the finish of multi year time span. The showcasing methodology focuses on changing the picture of the state to a visitor agreeable state, with forceful designs for their solace and amusement, arrangement of a promoting and publicizing office, building solid relations with the movement and visit related exchange, reorientation of the vacationer data workplaces as advertising workplaces and a superior utilization of its electronic reservation offices. Regarding improving the travel industry item, in the momentary fast gains can be made by concentrating the state’s restricted funds on a couple of areas with high potential, which are as of now all around associated and have a sensible framework set up. These spots which involve predominantly of Khajuraho, Gwalior, Bhopal-Sanchi, and the Kanha-Pench natural life parks can be improved by tidying them up, improving the environs, and offering ‘value for money’ experience to the vacationers, subsequently rapidly improving their use. Different areas can be created in the medium and long haul. Local the travel industry ought to be invigorated by forceful advertising in Calcutta and Gujarat. Comfort can be offered as far as advertising bundle voyages through high caliber with all courses of action dealt with. LTC traffic of PSUs and Govt ought to be focused on. Spots like Khajuraho and Gwalior are likewise appropriate for promoting to corporates for their motivating force visits to the exchange and representatives and so on. A few recommendations have been made for expanding the length of a travelers remain in M. P. by adding side trips to the primary areas, for example, creating Panna untamed life park and close by water falls as side attractions to Khajuraho vacationers. Or then again by including Gwalior and Orchha as extra schedule for visitor in transit to Khajuraho. Better quality control, better bundling and better presentation of the state’s exqusite crafted works and silks can expand spending of sightseers. Fascinating woods produce like ‘Safed Musali’, a Viagra like item, or oriental aromas are other alluring things for travelers. The setting up of Bundelkhandi or Malwa eateries for ethnic cooking and night diversion can likewise build vacationer spend. The speculation required for next twenty years is evaluated at Rs 978 crores, of which 532 cr is by private division for inns and so forth required for the most part in the subsequent decade and around 446 crores by government for the most part for framework, advertising and setting up of amusement and diversion offices. The monetary advantage of the travel industry is extremely high with a steady advantage evaluated at Rs 9,500 crore more than twenty years. The extra immediate business age is evaluated at 6 lac occupations.

Abstract Research Paper Example - Some Tips

Abstract Research Paper Example - Some TipsIf you are looking for an abstract research paper example, then you have come to the right place. Here, you will find a number of tips and tricks on how to write a high quality abstract research paper.The first thing that you should keep in mind when writing an abstract research paper is to keep it short. It is much easier to comprehend a single paragraph of text than it is to read through several pages of prose. Keep it brief, and you will be able to convey your ideas to your reader in a much clearer manner.Second, there are certain tricks to writing a good abstract research paper example. One such trick is to make sure you take your time and that you do not rush your way through the piece. By doing this, you can ensure that your research paper is not left out of the competition. After all, everybody else will also be in the same boat and will be trying to write a paper in the same fashion.Third, you should also make sure that you come up w ith an outline of the entire paper before you begin. This will allow you to know what exactly you are going to talk about and how to go about accomplishing your overall goals. You might also want to check out some existing abstract research paper examples.Also, another trick that you can use to get a good abstract research paper example is to draw out a rough draft of your work before you start writing. By doing this, you will be able to have a general idea of how your article is going to look like. You can also use this as a springboard for creating a different idea that you can incorporate into your research paper. You might even come up with a totally different idea by doing this.Finally, you should make sure that you change your focus a little bit after you have finished writing your abstract research paper example. Do not sit around waiting for ideas to hit you in the head. Instead, spend some time thinking about other ways in which you can utilize your material. If you spend j ust a little time doing this, you will find that you are able to effectively put your ideas into words.So, to summarize, the best thing that you can do to write an abstract research paper example is to try and make your work as short as possible. Use a rough outline so that you will be able to come up with an overall concept, and also be able to look at other methods of implementation.Last, but not least, you should make sure that you do not rush your way through your abstract research paper example. By doing this, you will be able to ensure that your ideas are not left out of the competition, and that you will be able to put them into words in a much more effective manner.

Resume Writing Professional Summary, Skills, Education - 275 Words

Resume Writing: Professional Summary, Skills, Education (Coursework Sample) Content: Name:Gender:Address:Language:Professional summaryTo gain a working experience that will enhance the performance of the company and to also sharpen my educational skills to put them into practical focus. To learn how to analyse data and be a team player. Strengthen my budget skills in the field of accounting.Skills * Strong verbal communication * Conflict resolution * Budgeting and finance * Data management * Client assessment and analysis * Strong verbal communication both in English, Chinese and Vietnamese * Self motivation and a team player * Budget and finance management * Translation skillsWork historyPosition:Cashier, 02/2009 to 05/2012Schools/ college:James lick High SchoolDuties and responsibilities:Preparing breakfast and lunchSelling foodEmployer:De Anza College Cashier office CaliforniaPosition held:CashierDuties and responsibilities:Collecting payment and tuition fees, I was in charge of communication. Answering phone calls and replying to e-mail. Helping i n solving Students queries on tuition fees or any payment related issuesEmployer:ECLA CENTER FOR HEALTH POLICY RESEARCHPositon held:Data Analyst 03/ to dateDuties and responsibilities:In charge of formatting the questionnaires and also interpreter for both English to Chinese or Vietnamese. Personally I was in charge of setting up the research questions in the department of research at the California Health research interview survey (CHIS). Fo...

Military Approaches Of India, Philippines And Switzerland

Military approaches of India, Philippines and Switzerland In the 21st century, it is inevitable for states to make a diplomatic and strategic decision without being influenced by defence capabilities of their enemies and friends. Post World War II the approach adopted by India, the Philippines and Switzerland are defensive in nature. The Swiss National Redoubt and Indian Sundarji were developed within these states, while the Philippines strategy was based on foreign military dependency. For all these three countries their approach is greatly influenced by geography, economy, their history of existence (culture) and aggressive neighbours. Since the art of war is changing significantly, these states are finding themselves in a vulnerable†¦show more content†¦They protect 14,103 km of international border and 7000 km of coastlines (GFP Staff 2014). Of these international borders, China shares 2,659 km and Pakistan shares 3,190 km. Both of these neighbours infiltrated the Indian territory in the past and have a continuous conflict over international borders with India. India spends more than 2.5% of its annual GDP on defence budget. As per Global Fire Power (GFP) ranking India was ranked fourth among hundred and six countries (GFP Staff 2014), but almost two third of their expenditure goes to counter the activities of Pakistan’s against which India historically fought four wars. As recorded by former defence minister George Fernandez, India has a â€Å"non aggressive, non provocative defence policy based on the philosophy of defensive defence† (Ahmed 2014). The Indian army was operating under Sundarji doctrine between 1981 and 2004. Under this doctrine the seven defensive â€Å"holding corps† were deployed against the Pakistan border to respond to enemy penetration. While India’s offensive powers were with three â€Å"Strike Corps† which were located in central India, quite far away from international borders. ( Mathura I Corps, Ambala II Corps, and Bhopal XXI Corps)( Ladwig 2008a). In a war situation, the holding corps should deter and halt an attack, which would then enable the strike corps to counter attack and penetrate deep

Evaluating The Future Of Medicine - 1508 Words

Where do you think the future of medicine will be in the next decade? With diseases and illnesses advancing, technology has been improving and advanced innovative ways have been surfacing. Something that has modernized our way of life without even realizing it is a printer. Did you ever foresee that printers could do other than put ink on a piece of paper? Three-dimensional printing is revolutionizing our modern day lives as we speak. Although there are several types of 3D printing, one version that has caught the public’s attention is 3D medical printing, or also known as bio printing. 3D medical printing will revolutionize the medical field and makes lives easier. This emerging technology will enable future 3D printers to produce†¦show more content†¦NASA launched a 3D Printing machine towards the International Space Station to develop parts in zero gravity, which will aid in future innovations in Astronomy. This new technology produced by NASA is one of the best upheavals that have occurred in that field. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory has built a complete car body through 3D Printing. The car took less than twenty hours to print. Although the car model is not permitted for use and its sole purpose is to be a model for upcoming inventions, this will significantly decrease the cost of cars in the future when we will be able to drive 3D printed vehicles. In 2014, the first 3D printed skull as successfully implanted in a woman. Doctors in the Netherlands reported that they have for the first time successfully replaced most of a human skull with a 3D printed plastic one and saved someone’s life in the process. The surgery lasted 23 long hours and took place at the University Medical Center Utrecht. The patient suffered from severe headaches due to a thickening of her skull. Due to this condition, she slowly lost her vision and her motor coordination was suffering. Usually in brain surgery the doctors temporarily remove pa rt of the skull to reduce pressure, but later on put it back or replace by an artificial implant. In this groundbreaking case, doctors inserted an entire plastic skill that was manufactured with the help of an Australian medical device company that

Stumbling on Happiness Essay - 1160 Words

What is Happiness? People travel through life with what seems like a single goal: to be happy. This may seem like a selfish way to live, however this lone objective is the motivation behind nearly all actions. Even seemingly selfless deeds make people feel better about themselves. That warm feeling experienced while doing charitable acts can be described as happiness. But what is authentic happiness? There is an endless possibility of answers to this question, and man seems to be always searching for the solution. Although one may reach his or her goals, there is always still something one strives for in order to be happy. In the book Stumbling on Happiness, Harvard psychologist Daniel Gilbert takes the reader through†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"When people find it easy to imagine an event, they overestimate the likelihood that it will actually occur† (Gilbert, 2006, p.19.) Gilbert explains that this causes us to be overoptimistic about our futures and thus changes what we do in order t o be happy. Young people imagine traveling the world, starting a successful business or becoming a star. Later on in one’s life they may realize that they do not have the funds to travel the world, the talent to become a star, or even the desire to start their own business. Perhaps they come to the conclusion that they would be happier starting a family or writing a book. Humans have an undeniable want to control. The reason somebody imagines the future is so they can do something about it (Gilbert, 2006, p. 21.) We imagine a future better than today so we can take the actions necessary to get to the better tomorrow. I imagined college being a whole lot better than high school. The freedom and the separation from my parents was something I wanted. So in order to get here I studied hard in high school, strove for a good ACT score, and applied to universities. The actions I took in high school were in order to control the future. Gilbert answers the question of â€Å"Why shou ld we want to control our futures?† â€Å"It feels good to do so-period. Impact is rewarding. Mattering makes us happy. The act of steering one’s boat down the river of time is a source of pleasure, regardless of one’s port of call† (Gilbert,Show MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Happiness By Daniel Gilbert1501 Words   |  7 Pagesguessed Stumbling on Happiness by Daniel Gilbert is all about what makes people happy, how to make people happy, and why people feel happy in certain situations. This assumption is correct, but Gilbert digs much deeper than these three simple questions. He discusses the nature of happiness and explains the many, many psychological illusions that alter our perception of happiness. Gilbert focuses on why happiness is so difficult to measure and why many people have bias views regarding happiness. AfterRead MoreLove For The First Time1513 Words   |  7 Pagesourselves it does with the people around us. You can’t predict how ot hers will feel or how to make them feel because every single person is different. Which make Stumbling On Happiness by Daniel Gilbert an extremely valuable book because it shows the errors our brains made and because of it, we are always going to stumble to the way of happiness. Most of us spend so much time of our lives thinking about the future just to realize what we wanted isn’t what we thought it would be. Sometimes we ask ourselvesRead MoreEssay on Use of Symbolism in Chopin’s The Awakening740 Words   |  3 PagesUse of Symbolism in Chopin’s The Awakening --Passage from Chapter X, pgs. 49-50 â€Å"But that night she was like the little tottering, stumbling, clutching child, who all of a sudden realizes its powers, and walks for the first time alone, boldly and with over-confidence. She could have shouted for joy. 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In the book, many of the characters think their lives are more significant because they are wealthy. Daisy Buchanan is in a marriage money instead of for love. Although she did not haveRead MoreLove After Love : Love After Love By Derek Wallcott789 Words   |  4 Pagesyourself† (Walcott). I was convinced that no words have ever struck the heart of a ny person with more gravity, than those words did to me in that moment. It seemed as if I had found the holy grail, the gift of life, and my own personal key to happiness. Happiness, which I had not felt in a very long time. A slow, but necessary discovery of self-love began to take place from that day forward, and I began to learn that because I had not been accepting of who I was, impacted the people around me as wellRead MoreCanadas Current Economic Situation1285 Words   |  6 Pageseconomics, measures of life, liberty, and happiness are described by analyzing the macro economy. In the study of human happiness, three factors are known to contribute the happiness of people which includes demographic traits, economic factors, and political factors.(p. 18) Certain governments have separate policies regarding inflation and unemployment. These political factors are related to economic factors which can ultimately determine the happiness of the general population.(p. 20) Chapter 3

I Too by Langston Hughes vs One Song America Before I Go...

Alexander Tharpe English 1102 Dr. Wurz 29 September 2013 Originality and Nationality One of the most disturbing things in today’s culture is a loss of originality and nationality. People are no longer proud to be Americans and instead of pushing for new heights people follow in the footsteps of others. People today need heir sense of self back and need to start taking pride in what they do and where they’re from. In â€Å"One Song, America, Before I Go† by Walt Whitman and â€Å"I Too† by Langston Hughes, the speakers celebrated the concepts of individuality, originality, and nationality. People of all kinds are influenced by their everyday life and it shows in their work. Walt Whitman is no exception to this rule. Whitman was born in 1819†¦show more content†¦I think he is saying that not only will there always be the Grand Canyon and the crystal clear beaches but the fertile land will last seemingly forever and bring great things to America for centuries to come. He backs up this idea when he sings, à ¢â‚¬Å"I’d sing o’er all the rest, with trumpet sounds / For thee- the Future† (Whitman Lines 2-3). I believe he is saying he wants to get up and sing for the future because he knows what wonderful things it should hold. Finally Whitman backs up everything he’s stated by saying â€Å"Belief I sing† which shows that he actually does believe in what he is saying. Just as Walt Whitman’s literature was influenced by what he experienced in life, Langston Hughes’ literature shows direct relationships with what he was going through in his everyday life. While racism may have shaped Hughes’ everyday life, Walt Whitman shaped Hughes as we know him today. Walt Whitman and Langston Hughes have a connection that not many people come to realize. It is obvious that Langston Hughes stood for equal rights but it’s commonly overlooked that Whitman stood his ground for equal rights as well. Whitman commonly voiced his strong opinions on abo lishing slavery and promoting equal rights for all men. I believe this played at least a small role in some of Hughes’ poems and stories in his lifetime. Even though Langston Hughes was born during troubling times in

Analysis Of The Movie The Leprechaun - 858 Words

Mark Jones’ â€Å"The Leprechaun† movie features a well-dressed Leprechaun with a gold buckled top hat, velvet green suit, and polished black shoes, also adorned with gold buckles. Underneath this ensemble is a beast with grimy skin, sharp, dirty nails, and rotten teeth. Jones portrays the Leprechaun to be a greedy and conniving little monster who will seek and destroy anyone who gets in the way between him and his precious gold. This is much like George W. Bush and his so-called war on Iraq. This is a man who to the normal eye appears to be well groomed and trust-worthy but in all actuality instilled fear in the American people and was driven by greed. The war on Iraq was in response to the imminent threat of Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction and ties to terrorism as reported by the United States government, or that’s what the citizens of the United States were told by George W. Bush. He told the world that the Iraq war was a war on terrorism f ollowing the September 11 attack of the World Trade Center in New York City. At some point during the war, Bush thought he could make a deal with Hussein that included allowing Hussein to stay in power in exchange for oil drilling rights for the United States. This was because Bush knew that if Saddam Hussein were to sign with members of the United Nations on oil drilling rights, the United States would lose all power to Iraq’s oil. â€Å"If those sanctions were removed while Saddam Hussein was still in power, companies from all of

Reread Prayer Before Birth by Louis Macneice Essay Example For Students

Reread Prayer Before Birth by Louis Macneice Essay The title itself, using the word prayer shows that the baby is trying to get help for something which troubles him- which raises a question; why would a soon-to-be born fetus that has its whole life strewn in front of it be despairing? Shouldnt it be preparing to enjoy that experience? The first line reveals what the fetus is afraid of: O hear me. Let not the bloodsucking bat or the rat of the stoat or the club-footed ghoul come near me The use of O hear me. and Let not seem to be a demand, emphasizing the fetus erasers- it is pleading to be protected from the threats of the bat, rat, stoat and ghoul. These creatures dont seem to be meant in literal form- creatures such as these do not pose a major threat to todays children. Rather, they seem to be used figuratively, as these creatures are associated with disease. They are also frequently the subject of childrens nightmares. The use of club-footed ghoul especially is a strong use of imagery, as the word ghoul implies a diseased, flesh-eating and dismembered monster. Also, the internal rhyme used by rat, bat and stoat emphasizes these dangers- they become more apparent. This first stanza shows that the fetus believes the world to be full of disease and suffering. The poem then proceeds in a much similar technique- each stanza devotes itself to a particular danger the fetus wishes itself to be protected against in the world. Stanza two talks about the how humans themselves can use torture, imprisonment and manipulation. Stanza three, the only positive paragraph in the poem talks about freedom and conscience, and that in these times. Four discusses the sin that the fetus will eventually make as he grows up which the world forces him to, and five amperes life to a tragic play. All of these together, ask for forgiveness and protection against the eventual crimes that will be committed against and by the fetus in its life, in the brutal and corrupting world. The sixth stanza is particularly strong, though short: Let not the man who is beast or who thinks he is God come near me The importance of the stanza is shown by its length. It is obvious Immanence wishes us to focus on this particular section- he may consider this the most dangerous and threatening force against the fetus. The use of beast is very strong, considering that Immanence is talking about a human being here- the suggestion of a human combined with a beast brings up an image of the devil. Thus, Immanence warns us of human beings with evil intent The second part, who thinks he is God may have double meaning- Firstly, this may have meant genetic engineering, how scientist who play god with genetics could possibly euthanize people- however, considering that Immanence lived in the early twentieth century this was probably not his intention. More likely he would have meant tyrants, dictators such as Hitler or Stalin who ruled like gods over their respective populations. Immanence reinforces the image by using God as a religious notion- especially to tell us how corrupt this world is, as shown by how these dictators were worshipped instead of proper religion such as Christianity. The final stanza offers another chilling introspective at the fetus fears: Let them not make a stone and let them not spill me. Otherwise kill me Immanence tries to convince the audience to protect the baby, and concludes so in a plea to protect the baby against the two main dangers posed in the poem. stone is used as a image for monotony, describing the fear of not becoming a unique person ND forced to become Just another cog in a machine. The use of spill me is used metaphorically as a image for the destruction of the mind, and how it is a fragile thing that can easily be damaged or wasted by the brutality of the world. .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c , .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .postImageUrl , .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c , .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c:hover , .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c:visited , .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c:active { border:0!important; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c:active , .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5399b8190ca7e0ccf58ff1b634a04c1c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry connected to moments in life EssayThe last line is the most resounding in the poem. Kill by itself is a very strong word to use, and its consonance adds to its harshness. But whats especially significant is that the fetus itself is asking to be killed if it is not protected from harms way. Immanence wants us to think how brutal and corrupt the world is by showing that an unborn baby is willing to be killed if it is not protected from outside forces. What can be noticed clearly is the structure of the poem. Stanzas are irregular, generally increasing in length but sometimes suddenly shortened. These shorter stanzas are made to be more empathetic and focused, and thus Immanence has made them to be the most important factors which the fetus needs to be protected against. However, the structure may run deeper than that. The poem seemingly resembles the fetus speech: His prayer of protection gradually increases in confidence as the Tanana become longer, but stumbles somewhat during those shorter lines. It shows how the fetus is devoted to his cause and quest against the brutality of the world. Thus we can see that Immanence conveys the brutality and corruption of the world through several methods, but most importantly through an unborn baby. Immanence wants us to think about the world- he has systematically listed some of the events and things that are bad with the world. Immanence wants us to ask ourselves this striking question: If we cannot guarantee the safety and well-being of our next generation, should we kill them?

Punishment Philosophies free essay sample

The processes by which justice is applied are determined largely by proposed punishment philosophies. These express various concerns and arguments regarding appropriate sentencing and treatment. The philosophy of rehabilitation dominates the proceedings of juvenile courts, and is heavily scrutinized at an adult level, or when the criminal behavior of juveniles continues to accelerate, but when successful is most beneficial for society. The appeals process advances the fair practice of law, helps ensure the rights of due process, and continues to clarify and define justice and the law.Punishment Philosophies The universality of justice is a predominant concern of any nation that strives for true democracy, and in the U. S. , this pursuit is largely undertaken in the court system. If the general basis for an action to constitute a crime lies in the willful and unsanctioned dispossession of anothers life, liberty, or property, then the punitive power of the state to deprive the transgressor of these same rights, in the name of justice, must be exacted with a similar degree of concern. To this end, a variety of punishment philosophies, giving differing weight to the interests of victims, criminals, and society, have developed to clarify the notion, and to influence the practice of justice. While the philosophies of deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation, retribution, and restoration can be perceived to prioritize the considerations of victims and society, the handling of youth offenders in juvenile courts, as well as the appellate process, are expressions of consideration for the accused. It is largely agreed upon that punishment for the sole purpose of vengeance is detrimental to the ideals of justice and civility.Sentencing Considerations Sentencing for a crime is contingent upon numerous factors, which involve societal values, precedents, and individual judicial discretion; criminal statutes that vary by state and at a federal level set standard punishments for specific offenses, predominantly based on seriousness and criminal history. Sentencing guidelines, which are a reflection of political climate, social concerns, and punishment philosophies, have been criticized as a factor in prison overpopulation, and for being incompatible with a restorative punishment philosophy.The benefit of these guidelines, however, is that they encourage uniformity in the application of punishment, eliminating discrepancies that could arise as a result of judicial discretion, provide increased predictability for better resource management, and allow communities to focus punitive efforts on the areas of crime that most concern them, ideally reducing the sociological impacts of specific types of crime.For some offense, compulsory sentencing establishes a mandatory minimum incarceration period, which, if supplemented by the policy of truth-in-sentencing, ensures that an offender serve no less than this nondiscretionary requirement. Aside from these, most sentencing is determined through judicial discretion, derived from subscribed precedents, considerations of mitigating factors, and community standards. Overlying all sentencing are the ideological concerns expressed through influential punishment philosophies (Lubitz ; Ross, 2001). PhilosophiesPunishment philosophies represent opinions as to what degree and form of punishment is appropriate, how and to whom it is beneficial, and what is represented in terms of societal values. Because the courts have the power to deprive an offender of property, through fines, seizures, and restitution, liberty, through incarceration, mandatory treatment facilities, and court-ordered service programs, and even life, through the most severe form of punishment, the death penalty, it is imperative that some justification be provided to a society whose sophistication and dignity are thereby judged.While ideology of retribution remains a significant philosophical view in the assessments of applied justice, many would agree that its antiquated eye for an eye approach has little place in civilized discussions of progressive ethics, despite the apparent, i mmediate restoration of moral equilibrium (Grant ; Meyer, 2003). One of the most widely applicable philosophies is deterrence, which is the concept that the threat of punishment should prevent criminal activity.Deterrence can be experienced in one of two ways; the first is specific deterrence, which occurs when an offender becomes less likely to reoffend as a result of punishment that he or she has undergone, while the second, more preferable form is through general deterrence, by which individuals abstain from criminal activity due to the recognition that others have been correspondingly punished. The psychological effectiveness of deterrence largely depends upon three factors: Celerity, severity, and certainty. The celerity, or swiftness with which punishment is imposed, is critical in the sense that individuals are inherently less likely to be concerned with negative consequences that will be experienced at a more distant time. Essentially, the immediate benefit of a crime is perceived to be more real than those future consequences. Related to this is the certainty or likelihood of punishment; if types of crimes are perceived to go largely undetected or unpunished, the potential deterrence is diminished.Severity, or degree of punishment, can have a negative impact at either extreme; a penalty that is not severe enough would fail to outweigh the benefit of the transgression while a penalty that is excessively harsh might prevent a jury from convicting an offender. Because the death penalty is such an extreme form of punishment, prosecutors must carefully consider a jurys potential reluctance to convict if it is a probable outcome (Grant Meyer, 2003).A more successful argument, with regard to capital- and other severe crimes, is incapacitation, which promotes the safety of society through incarceration of offenders. Proponents of the death penalty would maintain that it is the only version of incapacitation that ensures protection from the most dangerous offenders. Prisons and jails also serve to incapacitate criminals, thus insulating the public during periods of incarceration, while intensive supervision and treatment facilities also serve this function to a lesser degree.Perhaps more progressive are the philosophies of restoration, which focuses on the victim and society by allowing an offender to restore balance through compensation to the victim or society by paying fees, restitution, serving jail time, or performing community service, and rehabilitation, which focuses on the offender and his/her relationship to society.The idea that sentencing and incarceration should be rehabilitative has stimulated early release programs, usually through parole boards, for imprisoned offenders who exhibit positive behavior, participate in treatment programs, inside and outside of prison, and pursue higher levels of education while incarcerated (Grant Meyer, 2003). Juvenile Justice The rehabilitation philosophy may have its most significant impact on t he proceedings of juvenile courts, which can handle cases involving youth offenders under the age of eighteen.It is a tenet of the juvenile justice system that young offenders are often malleable enough to be rehabilitated before the momentum of criminal behavior leads them to increasingly severe crimes and adult institutions. Offenders younger than eighteen may be tried as adults, however, based on statutory exclusion, in which specific legislation allows for this based on age and/or degree of violation, judicial waiver, during which certain due process protections must be granted, including the right to a jury trial, or concurrent jurisdiction, in which the prosecutor has the option of trying an offender as an adult.If it is concluded that the case should be heard in a juvenile court, ideally the focus should be less on accountability and more on behavioral causes and reformation (Henning, 2009). Appellate Process Another aspect of the criminal justice system that can significantly address the concerns of the accused is the appeals process. Appeals, which are granted by statutory provision, are petitions for review of the legality of a lower courts judgment by an appellate court that must be petitioned for by a party with a legally-recognizable interest in the case.The appeals process is a safeguard against violations of due process, which must relate to substantive or procedural issues in which the law has been improperly applied or legal procedures have been improperly followed. Generally, an issue must have been raised during the trial and apply to the final decision for an appellate court to hear the case, for which the appellant bears the burden of proof. Appeals must be made to the appropriate court, in ascending hierarchy, of which the U. S.Supreme Court is supreme in federal cases, or state cases that concern a constitutional issue, but only after all state level ave nues have been exhausted. The right of judicial review is granted to supreme courts, allowing them to rule on the constitutionality of legislative, executive, and lower judicial decisions that have been challenged, also the precedents set by appellate courts are binding to the lower courts within their jurisdictions, and the decisions of federal courts, with regard to constitutional issues, are usually binding on state courts.Not only is the appeals process important to convicted individuals who may have their judgments remanded or reversed based on new technologies, legal issues, or shifts in societal values, but it is also responsible for shaping and clarifying points of law, which then becomes part of the legal landscape (Grant ; Meyer, 2003). Conclusion The pursuit of justice is the pursuit of greater equality through the elimination of victimization at all levels.The punishment of those who victimize others is an agenda whose moral implications are confronted through a variety of applicable philosophies that should take into account the greater good of society, the concerns of the victim, and the rights of the accused. Though preference is traditionally given to the victim and society, the implications of stripping the accused of unalienable rights must be given due consideration.The strength of utilitarian and qualitative arguments must be considered alongside those of individual rights and the potential for rehabilitation. Though the appeals process may sometimes result in suspensions of justice, it helps to guarantee protection against victimization at the hands of the justice system. The severity of sentencing demands continued examination however, as new DNA evidence and writs of habeas corpus are of little comfort to exonerated corpses.

Rape Simulator Video Games and Democracy Essay Example

Rape Simulator Video Games and Democracy Paper Is the rape simulator video game good or bad for democracy? Throughout human history violent forms of entertainment have existed alongside refined ones. In Ancient Rome, for example, when modern mediums of entertainment such as Television, video games, etc did not exist, gladiator fights were a popular pass-time. This prompted Saint Augustine to note that not only did people liked violence as passive spectators, but it has also induced in them a ‘fascination for blood’. Today, such violence-ridden games like gladiator fights are forbidden by law and social norms. But the ‘fascination for blood’, apparently inherent to human nature, is exploited by movie makers and video-game manufacturers. The movie titled Gladiator, starring Russell Crowe, is one example of this phenomenon; the controversial rape simulator video game produced in Japan is another key example. While the former is legally permitted and is accepted by mainstream audiences and commentators, the latter has not gained approval on both legal and ethi cal grounds. The game has been banned in the United States due to its perverse and obscene nature. For instance, players earn points for acts of sexual violence, including following girls (mostlty wearing highschool outfit), raping virgins and their mothers, and then forcing them to have abortions. (Moses, 2010) The public debate that the game has spurred has expanded beyond its utility, value, etc, to broader considerations such as its effect on the health of democracy. The rest of this essay will support the view that videogames such a Rape Simulator are not only hazardous for the players and the societies they inhabit, but their negative effects pervade to undermine democratic processes and institutions of a country. According to Aristotle’s theory of Catharsis, people release their violent pulsation by seeing them portrayed by other agents/actors. This way the pent up frustration is released, which could otherwise lead to violent behavior. Applying this theory to the video-game in question, one could deduce that playing the game will reduce the actual number of incidents of rape in society, for the real is substituted by the simulated. (End Violence Against Women, 2010) But actual facts are not consistent with the theory, as proved by scholar S.Feshback. He took 625 junior high school boys and asked half of them to watch a violent television program for 6 weeks. The other half was as to watch non-violent programming. At the end of 6 weeks, when teachers evaluated the students, no difference in aggressive behavior was observed. However, there was a decline in aggression among students who were previously assessed by personality tests to be more inclined toward aggressive behavior. Co nsidering that such students formed only a small minority, the Catharsis theory does not hold true for this case. Countering the validity of the Catharsis theory is the Aggressive Simulation theory, which states that people are inspired by what they see. Meaning that if they see violence they will reproduce it. In other words, what these video games do is to break down social barriers for those who are predisposed to such behavior. Since the maintenance of law and order is essential for the smooth functioning of democratic societies, it follows that perpetration of violent behavior (as a mirror effect of watching and simulating violent acts) will undermine democracy. (Alexander, 2009) We will write a custom essay sample on Rape Simulator Video Games and Democracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rape Simulator Video Games and Democracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rape Simulator Video Games and Democracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We live in a world were we are constantly bombarded with information, most of which encourage us to buy this or that product. The power of marketing has already been demonstrated through the century long history of our Public Relations industry. Indeed, the PR industry and the media together wield huge power over the thoughts of citizens. In such a scenario, a person with a fragile mind, meaning someone who cannot make the distinction between what is right or wrong, receives massive exposure to violence through advertisements and other marketing campaigns, it can lead to disastrous consequences. These include acts of brutality, anger, savageness, torture, sadism, etc (all of these qualities are encouraged by Rape Simulator). Hence it is imperative that such games are censored or banned from public consumption. (Haydon, 2009) The fact that Rape Simulator encourages sexual acts with schoolgirls is a cause for concern, as it implies pedophilia. Although the game is meant for adults only, the objects of sexual desire depicted within it qualify as adolescents. The same criticism can be applied toward the sale of schoolgirl outfits in sex shops. Both of them are encouraging pedophilia and rape and inducing perversity and abuse, which are inconsistent with democratic concepts. We can no longer argue that it is it is not so bad for society, for it is just a game and it doesn’t harm anybody. In fact, based on the dangers to democracy we discussed so far, one can further argue that any video game that includes murder, war, robbery, gun shot should be therefore forbidden. (The Free Library, 2010) At least in these latter examples, one could come up with justifications. For example, one can justify robbery (to feed oneself or pay the rent to give a home to his/her children), one can justify shooting wi th a gun (to kill a murderer, saving lives), and one can justify war (which our government does it everyday). The rape simulator video game, on the other hand, is undermining the very integrity and foundations of democratic civil society. We should also keep in mind that censorship and freedom of speech are counteracting principles. But virulent forms of free expression such as the Rape Simulator game should be banned in the larger interests of democratic societies. This conflict is identified by sexual assault victims’ rights advocates as well. But they say that civil rights should not be abused in order to promote a culture of tolerance for rape and violence against women. (Haydon, 2009) On the other hand, banning or censoring any thing puts it on the spotlight, giving it free publicity that marketers are happy to see happen. In my own case, my first reaction when I heard about this game was to go â€Å"check it out†; and am sure such is the reaction of many players. Even if the game is made illegal, there are many ways for getting hold of it and playing it. Censuring it is not going to stop people to play it as it only adds publicity and attention to the game . However making it legal would also not serve the democratic purpose, as it would mean that society has lost its ethical compass and the sense of right and wrong. Hence, in conclusion, a tactful and nuanced dealing of the problem is required. Otherwise, democratic societies will steadily march toward decadence and anarchy. Bibliography Race Simulator game goes Viral amid calls for Censorship, retrieved from on 5th November, 2010 Leigh Alexander, And You Thought Grand Theft Auto Was Bad : Should the United States ban a Japanese â€Å"rape simulator† game?, Monday, March 9, 2009, Rape Simulator games and the Normalization of Sexual Violence, The Free Library retrieved on 5th November, 2010 from Harry Haydon, Rape Simulator sold in Amazon, 13th Feb, 2009, retrieved from Video game featuring rape pulled from Amazon, retrieved on 5th November, 2010 from Japan: Rape simulator games and the normalization of sexual violence, Say No- End Violence Against Women, retrieved on 5th Novemeber 2010 from Asher Moses, Rape Simulator game goes Viral amid calls for Censorship, March 31, 2010, retrieved on 5th November, from http://www.youtube.com/verify_age?next_url=http%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3Da54Pu9dTJfQ

Sample Essay About Disability in Popular Culture

Sample Essay About Disability in Popular CultureIn a world full of stories of people who have faced the hardships and disabilities that plague many lives, disability in popular culture comes up often. There is a plethora of shows and movies about people with disabilities and the struggles they face. However, these stories often leave out some of the most important parts of disability in society.Disability in popular culture often times focuses on the hardships that are faced by the most privileged among us. They are usually those that control a good portion of the society that gets people to look up to them. This is why, despite the fact that some people seem to be able to cope with the situation better than others, it is seen as the 'bigger' person that is able to adjust well to a disabled life. The same goes for people who are able to adapt well to some physical or mental aspects of disability in society.Disabilities in society are looked at as one thing, which affects people equal ly. For example, someone that has a serious illness may not be able to participate in sports because of it. This makes the handicapped even more visible than it normally would be. Often times, stories about such disability can also end up getting negative implications on the disabled person themselves.This leads to the stories where people that are able to 'take care of' the disabled find themselves not being able to find the positive outcomes that they wanted to achieve. Many times, they might end up feeling as though they were the ones making the best of a bad situation. So, although there are stories about disabled people surviving, most people have become desensitized to seeing such stories in general.A sample essay that puts disability in popular culture into perspective can help to educate people about disability and its consequences. These sorts of stories provide an honest look at what life is like for those that do not have the advantage of being able to take advantage of w hat society has to offer.Being disabled is not all bad. In fact, as long as someone has the ability to make a difference and to provide something positive to the society, they will not be a burden. However, a disability in popular culture often times causes a shift in how society views disabled people. When this happens, it creates the impression that disabled people are something to be avoided and ridiculed at all costs.Disability in popular culture can cause a lot of negativity and misunderstanding. A sample essay on the subject can help to put disability in a more positive light, and hopefully give people who are disabled a bit more credit for the things that they have accomplished in their lives. They may even end up changing some minds about how they view their disability in society.

Istanbul, Turkey

A Brief History of Constantinople/Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and is among the 15 largest urban areas in the world. It is located on the Bosporus Strait and covers the entire area of the Golden Horn, a natural harbor. Because of its size, Istanbul extends into both Europe and Asia. The city is the world’s only metropolis to be on more than one continent. The city of Istanbul is important to geography because it has a long history that spans the rise and fall of the worlds most famous empires. Due to its participation in these empires, Istanbul has also undergone various name changes. Byzantium Though Istanbul may have been inhabited as early as 3000 BCE, it was not a city until Greek colonists arrived in the area in the seventh century BCE. These colonists were led by King Byzas and settled there because of the strategic location along the Bosporus Strait. King Byzas named the city Byzantium after himself. The Roman Empire (330–395) Byzantium became a part of the Roman Empire in the 300s. During this time, the Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, undertook the rebuilding of the entire city. His goal was to make it stand out and give the city monuments similar to those found in Rome. In 330, Constantine declared the city as the capital of the entire Roman Empire and renamed it Constantinople. It grew and prospered as a result. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453) After the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, however, enormous upheaval took place in the empire as his sons permanently divided it. Following the division, Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the 400s. As part of the Byzantine Empire, the city became distinctly Greek, as opposed to its former identity in the Roman Empire. Because Constantinople was at the center of two continents, it became a center of commerce, culture, and diplomacy and grew considerably. In 532, though, the antigovernment Nika Revolt broke out among the city’s population and destroyed it. Afterward, many of its most outstanding monuments, one of which was the Hagia Sophia, were constructed during the citys rebuilding, and Constantinople became the center of the Greek Orthodox Church. The Latin Empire (1204–1261) Although Constantinople significantly prospered during decades following its becoming a part of the Byzantine Empire, the factors leading to its success also made it a target for conquering. For hundreds of years, troops from all over the Middle East attacked the city. For a time it was even controlled by members of the Fourth Crusade after the city was desecrated in 1204. Subsequently, Constantinople became the center of the Catholic Latin Empire. As competition persisted between the Catholic Latin Empire and the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Empire, Constantinople was caught in the middle and began to significantly decay. It went financially bankrupt, the population declined, and it became vulnerable to further attacks as defense posts around the city crumbled. In 1261, in the midst of this turmoil, the Empire of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople, and it was returned to the Byzantine Empire. Around the same time, the Ottoman Turks began conquering the cities surrounding Constantinople, effectively cutting it off from many of its neighboring cities. The Ottoman Empire (1453–1922) After being considerably weakened, Constantinople was officially conquered by the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II on May 29, 1453, after a 53-day siege. During the siege, the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, died while defending his city. Almost immediately, Constantinople was declared to be the capital of the Ottoman Empire and its name was changed to Istanbul. Upon taking control of the city, Sultan Mehmed sought to rejuvenate Istanbul. He created the Grand Bazaar (one of the largest covered marketplaces in the world) and brought back fleeing Catholic and Greek Orthodox residents. In addition to these residents, he brought in Muslim, Christian, and Jewish families to establish a mixed populace. Sultan Mehmed also began the building of architectural monuments, schools, hospitals, public baths, and grand imperial mosques. From 1520 to 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent controlled the Ottoman Empire, and there were many artistic and architectural achievements that made the city a major cultural, political, and commercial center. By the mid-1500s, its population had grown to almost 1 million inhabitants. The Ottoman Empire ruled Istanbul until it was defeated and occupied by the Allies in World War I. The Republic of Turkey (1923–Present) Following World War I, the Turkish War of Independence took place, and Istanbul became a part of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Istanbul was not the capital city of the new republic, and during the early years of its formation, Istanbul was overlooked; investment went into the new, centrally located capital, Ankara. In the 1940s and 1950s, though, Istanbul reemerged. New public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed- and many of the city’s historic buildings were demolished. In the 1970s, Istanbul’s population rapidly increased, causing the city to expand into the nearby villages and forests, eventually creating a major world metropolis. Istanbul Today Istanbuls many historical areas were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1985. In addition, because of its status as a world rising power, its history, and its importance to culture in both Europe and the world, Istanbul was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the European Union.

Multi-Stakeholders Issues Assessment for Global Organizations Essay

Multi-Stakeholders Issues Assessment for Global Organizations - Essay Example The two detrimental events have been key contributors to this change. In the beginning of 2000s, eruption of corporate scandals such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco advocated the idea that multi-national corporations and corporate executives care little for ethics, in their pursuit of profit and wealth generation. In 2008, the global financial crisis erupted and rippled across the world, due to a wide convergence of factors in the real-estate market and secondary financial markets, causing economic collapse of many countries, state and private organizations. This crisis, initially affecting the banking industry, not only scaled to a broader economic and geographic spectrum, but also widened the chasm between Wall Street and Main Street triggering wide-spread anti-capitalism and anti-MNCs protests. In spite of their substantial differences, both of these intra and inter-company crises have at least few characteristics in common. Both crises exemplify that managerial behavior and decision -making has high risk and potential to impact a broad range of people all over the world (Clement, 2005). These crises have been major blows to the public trust in business as an institution. In addition, these financial and economical catastrophes also accentuate that the pursuit of corporate goals can be, without difficulty, unsettled by the actions and behavior of unexpected groups and individuals (Parmar, et al., 2010). These issues, driven by change, interconnectedness and globalization, indicate a need for managers and academic scholars to re-evaluate the conventional ways of conceptualizing the responsibilities of the firm and role of a manager within the company. This essentially gives rise to the need of evaluating and effectively managing needs of all stakeholders for the organization. The concept of corporate objectives focused towards a broader and diverse set of stakeholders has been studied by a number of scholars and practitioners for the past few decades. Among many ideologies, â€Å"stakeholder theory† or â€Å"stakeholder thinking† has developed as a fresh narrative to analyze and manage three interconnected business challenges — the challenge of understanding how value is created and operated, the challenge of linking ethics with capitalism and the challenge of supporting managers with tools to address the first two challenges. This essay highlights and addresses the â€Å"stakeholder approach† to tackle challenges related to business ethics, corporate social responsibility and value creation. Upon the understanding of what stakeholder approach reinstates, the essay analyzes the dilemmas, issues and recommendations in its practical applications for managers. The Stakeholder Approach The stakeholder approach in the context of strategic management was first proposed by R. Edward Freeman in 1984 (Freeman, 1984). Contrary to the customary understanding of corporate strategy, which fundamentally associates the term â⠂¬Å"stakeholder† with the owners, investors or shareholders of the organization, Freeman defined a stakeholder more broadly as â€Å"Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the firm’s objectives†. This was the first time that an academic study related to

Women in management in the 21st centuary Term Paper

Women in management in the 21st centuary - Term Paper Example This is sensible in that these professionals have long been involved in assisting organizations and individuals manage and control deviation in a manner that permits individuals from all backgrounds to hear and be heard and work together efficiently. Diversity and inclusion has been focused on hiring, retaining and promoting women. Women have become a significant force in many nations across the globe. For countless organizations, diversity policies offer a competitive edge, as it allows them to benefit from all the prospective arising from the positive variations among the workers. It is significant to realize that gender plays a considerable role in elements of the business functioning process. Across the world, the number of women in management positions has increased considerably. However, many women have not attained the top positions of organizations and face numerous pressures, both external and internal, to the companies where they work. Traditionally, women were observed as physically and intellectually inferior to men and earlier writers had noted that these discernments have generated obstacles to women’s profession development and resulted to favoritism. It is not challenging for women to attain employment at the low levels of management in companies since the benchmarks for recruitment and advancement are impartial. However, it is still challenging for them to climb to top management positions where the selection benchmarks are biased. Studies indicate that women’s progress towards what has traditionally been referred as men’s careers is particularly minimal. Internationally, the perception of women as possessing less needed management attributes is common among many male management personnel. Percentage of women in Senior Management Positions in multi nationals and Government Agencies globally Women’s status is a primary pointer of social advancement. Sustaining equality between women and men is basic to heighten the nu mber of women in management levels in organizations. Over the past few years, women have attained a considerable portion of limelight in almost every sector and corner of the world. For instance, in the arts, more women directors were capable of getting their work into the cinemas, theatres and televisions. In politics, a high number of women won elections, for instance, South Korea swore in its first female president. According to the Grant Thorton International Business Report (2013), almost 21 nations across the world have women as the head of state or the government and the number of women in parliament totaled to 21percent. In the corporate world, numerous women have led multinational corporations, for instance, Marissa Mayer broke the ground when she took over the leadership of Yahoo when almost six months pregnant. The discussion continues as to whether women will ever attain equality with men in the workforce. Although the past four decades have witnessed a gigantic generati onal transformation, with more women inflowing the labor force across the world, a lot requires to be done to progress women to top management positions. In 2012, women in United States constituted over 30 percent of the entire work force. However, they occupy only 14 percent of the top management positions of the Fortune 500 companies and merely 8 percent of executive officer top earner ranks. Among the FTSE 100, women only held 16% of the board positions and 7 percent of the executive positions in 2012. On the other hand, the number of women in board positions was half of the number in United States (Grant

Native Americans Essay Example for Free

Native Americans Essay Native Americans were the first people living in the United States until Europeans arrived, sought to colonize and take over. During this time, Native Americans were subjugated to warfare, new government and losing their lands. Forced to submit to White settlers, many Native Americans have had to choose between assimilating into a White culture or preserving their heritage and ancestry. This essay will discuss public policy regarding Native Americans and provide some examples pertaining to ethnocentrism and cultural relativity. Public Policy and Ethnocentrism. From early on, Native American culture has been on a collision with White society. During the colonial period, the government did not want to have any issues with settlers and Native Americans. Schaefer mentions that Whites were to take precedence regardless of the needs or interference by tribes (150). The secretary of war was put in charge of the Native Americans with regard to any Federal communications. Later in 1824 the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created as an intermediary between the Native Americans and the government (Schaefer 150). As White settlers started to move west, they had felt that Native Americans were blocking their progress. This led to the Indian Removal Act that was passed in 1824 which forced several tribes to leave their ancestral lands. Schaefer also mentions, â€Å"the federal 2 government enacted legislation that affected them with minimal consultation† (151). The government’s goal was to weaken tribal institutions so that Native Americans would assimilate. The government still tried to make Native Americans become more like White homesteaders. In 1887 the government passed the Allotment Act which would turn tribal members into land owners. While each family was given 160 acres, there were some stipulations. Schaefer mentions that â€Å"the act prohibited Native Americans from selling the land for 25 years† (153). The other issue was with the Native Americans not knowing how to farm or utilize the land. They also did not receive assistance or training from the government and as a result, did not do well with homesteading. Since the land could not be legally sold, the Bureau of Indian Affairs ended up leasing the land to White landowners (Schaefer 153). During this time, it was believed that Native Americans should put aside tribal identities and assimilate into White culture. As time progressed, the Indian Reorganization Act which was also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act was passed in 1934 (Schaefer 153). This act was supposed to recognize tribal identity but still pushed for assimilation. Tribes would be allowed to create a constitution and elect leaders within reservations. The Reorganization Act did allow Native Americans to have more control over actions taken on their behalf. Schaefer mentions that this act had tried to unite government agencies with tribal dealings by immersing Native Americans in procedures common to White society (153). However, the act still allowed for non-Native Americans to control issues regarding reservations. Schaefer states that, â€Å"The Reorganization Act sought to assimilate Native Americans into the dominant society on the dominant group’s terms† (153). Moving Towards Cultural Relativity 3 After years of the United States government trying to force Native Americans to Assimilate, they have started to realize that their efforts were not facilitating pluralism. Schaefer mentions the Termination Act of 1953 â€Å"which was considered a controversial government policy towards Native Americans† (156). This act cancelled federal services such as medical care, schools, and road equipment that took effect immediately. There was no coordination between tribes or government agencies which affected the tribes in a disastrous manner. They were not able to perform some basic services such as road repair or fire protection without the government. While this policy was supposed to give Native Americans the ability to self-govern it was viewed as a way to reduce services and save money. With life on an Indian reservation being economically depressed, the government decided to try to lure Native Americans away from the reservations. In 1952 the Bureau of Indian Affairs had started programs to relocate Native Americans to urban areas. In 1962 one of the programs was called the Employment Assistance Program. Schaefer states, â€Å"the purpose was to relocate individuals or families at the government’s expense to urban areas where the job opportunities were† (157). This program was not successful as many Native Americans returned back to their reservations. Schaefer also mentions that this program had some unintended consequences where the Native Americans who left were better educated and created a brain-drain (157). This also caused many of them to understand the predicament that they were faced with in both the city and federal reservations. Through all that they have been through, Native Americans have managed to work collectively through Pan-Indianism intertribal social movements. It has caused them to unite within a common identity because of political goals. In 1944 The National Congress of 4 American Indians was formed in Denver, Colorado and registered itself as a lobby in Washington, D. C. (Schaefer 157). Their goal was to raise issues with regard to the Native. American perspective as it operated similar to the NAACP. This group was able to create the Indian Claims Commission and force the Bureau of Indian Affairs to stop the practice of termination. In 1968 the American Indian Movement was created to monitor police actions and document charges of police brutality (Schaefer 157). Schaefer states that â€Å"sovereignty which refers to tribal self-rule is supported by every U. S. president since the 1960’s† (160). This is a very complex legal relationship since there are numerous legal cases where the Supreme Court has to rule which tribes may rule themselves and where they might be subject to state and federal laws. Tribal members pay federal income, social security, unemployment and property taxes but do not pay state income tax if they live and work on reservations (Schaefer 160). Sovereignty links the actions of the federal government with individual American Indians. Schaefer argues that the government acts as a gatekeeper in determining which tribes are recognized (161). In 1978 the Department of the Interior established the â€Å"acknowledgement process† to decide if more tribes could qualify for a government to government relationship. Conclusion With all that the Native Americans have been through over the years it would seem that many of the early policies were not effective because they did not produce the desired results of forced and immediate assimilation. The only thing that the government was able to do was drive these people off their lands, relocate them and create a sense of distrust. I do feel that the 5 Employment Assistance program did contribute to having some Native Americans move out of their comfort zone and seek out other opportunities. It did cause many Native Americans to take collective action and form groups to lobby for their rights. With regard to sovereignty, it seems that Native Americans are trying to assimilate themselves by working with the government to gain recognition and reap the economic benefits. Today it seems that Native Americans are slowly assimilating into White society because of their involvement in protests, lobbying, politics and business. While Native Americans might not have achieved complete pluralism, they are still trying to adapt to contemporary society. References 6 Schaefer, R. (2012). Native Americans: The First Americans (13th ed), Chapter 6 (pp. 147- 171). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grandmother I looked at myself in the mirror. I noticed the lines of my face and the curve of my neck. I looked down at my hands remembering the moment I first realized that they looked like hers. Long, thin, delicate hands perfect for playing the piano or braiding cornrows. All my life I had not noticed until the day I sat at her bedside holding her hand in mine. She had told me that she was not afraid to die. We sat in silence for a long time, sometimes sharing a stare and a smile. I don't know how long I sat there, looking at her, realizing for the first time who I looked so much like. As I stood in front of the mirror, I remembered that day as I prepared for her funeral. Sarah Smith, my grandmother's going home day. My father asked me to do her eulogy. I had thought and thought of what to say. The words didn't come until the morning of her funeral. That morning I went to the lake where me, my brothers, and my sister would go swimming in the summer on weekend visits to my grandmother's. As I soaked in the sun and watched its rays dance on the waters a memory came. As a child there were only two people that I would let touch my hair, my mother and my grandmother. Cornrowing my hair was an event when my grandmother did it. She would take me out on the stoop, bringing a chair for herself, and I would sit in front of her with my head between her knees. Moving my head in reaction to the slightest direction from her hands became natural. Other women and children would come and sit while she picked out my hair and greased my scalp. I would listen to the women talk. I don't remember anything that was said but I do remember the comfort of the stoop and my grandmother's fingers doing magic in my hair. Sitting on the dock I realized that I had never known my grandmother's life story. I don't know the struggles she must have had as a black woman in the South raising two sons alone because her husband beat her, and she had told him enough was enough. I don't know what it was that kept her going through poverty. I do know that her trust and love in God was deeply rooted in her heart. Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Grandmother I looked at myself in the mirror. I noticed the lines of my face and the curve of my neck. I looked down at my hands remembering the moment I first realized that they looked like hers. Long, thin, delicate hands perfect for playing the piano or braiding cornrows. All my life I had not noticed until the day I sat at her bedside holding her hand in mine. She had told me that she was not afraid to die. We sat in silence for a long time, sometimes sharing a stare and a smile. I don't know how long I sat there, looking at her, realizing for the first time who I looked so much like. As I stood in front of the mirror, I remembered that day as I prepared for her funeral. Sarah Smith, my grandmother's going home day. My father asked me to do her eulogy. I had thought and thought of what to say. The words didn't come until the morning of her funeral. That morning I went to the lake where me, my brothers, and my sister would go swimming in the summer on weekend visits to my grandmother's. As I soaked in the sun and watched its rays dance on the waters a memory came. As a child there were only two people that I would let touch my hair, my mother and my grandmother. Cornrowing my hair was an event when my grandmother did it. She would take me out on the stoop, bringing a chair for herself, and I would sit in front of her with my head between her knees. Moving my head in reaction to the slightest direction from her hands became natural. Other women and children would come and sit while she picked out my hair and greased my scalp. I would listen to the women talk. I don't remember anything that was said but I do remember the comfort of the stoop and my grandmother's fingers doing magic in my hair. Sitting on the dock I realized that I had never known my grandmother's life story. I don't know the struggles she must have had as a black woman in the South raising two sons alone because her husband beat her, and she had told him enough was enough. I don't know what it was that kept her going through poverty. I do know that her trust and love in God was deeply rooted in her heart.

Agri Sba: Cabbage Production Essay

Cabbage grows best in cool weather, but certain cultivars are also adapted for the warmer months. In the cooler areas of the country, where frost usually occurs early or late in the season, Glory of Enkhuizen, Kiaps Spits, Green Coronet and Gloria can be planted from January to March, and Green Star and Bonanza, from August to January. In the warmer areas of the country, where little to no frost occurs, Glory of Enkhuizen, Kiaps Spits, Green Coronet and Gloria can be planted from March to May, and Green Star and Bonanza, from January to December. Cabbage grows best when plantlets are grown and then planted out. You can grow your own plants or buy them from a nursery. Remember that cabbage plantlets cannot be planted out before the age of five to six weeks. If you want to plant out at the beginning of February, for instance, you must already sow the seed in the middle of December. Cabbage will grow well on most well drained soil types. That means that water must not lay on the ground surface too long after the plants have been watered. Where this is the case, compost must be dug into the soil. Shallow soils on a hard rocky, clayey or lime layer, must be avoided. Cabbage takes up many plant nutrients from the soil. We put plant nutrients into the soil by digging compost and fertiliser into it. A great deal of organic plant food such as compost and manure is necessary for the plant. When the bed is dug over, 4 kg of compost or manure per square meter (m2) of ground can be dug into the soil. By the way, 1 m2 equals the size of a square meter, the sides of which consist of spades. Compost and manure do not, however, provide the cabbage plant with enough plant nutrients. It also requires nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). It is most important first to analyses the soil to determine its nutrient content. Remember: an excessive amount of nutrients will burn the plants and a too small amount will result in poor growth. If a soil analysis has not yet been done, the following quantities of fertiliser may be applied: At planting: 75 g of 2:3:2 (30) per m2. These plant nutrients are a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This means that three plant nutrients are given to the plant simultaneously. These nutrients must be dug into the soil well, before planting. Four weeks after planting: 25 g of ammonium sulphate per m2, or 20 g of limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN) per m2. As soon as the plants begin to form heads, the following can be applied: 25 g of ammonium sulphate per m2, or 20 g of limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN) per m2. Take care not to let the plant nutrients touch the plants as this can burn the stems. Water the plants as soon as possible after having fertilized them, so that the nutrients can dissolve and be washed into the soil. Before the plantlets are planted, the soil must be dug over, clods, stones and weeds must be removed, and the soil must be leveled. The cabbage plantlets are planted in rows. In-row spacing must be approximately 40 cm and between-row spacing must be 60 cm. The soil in which the plants were grown must be moist when the plants are taken out to be replanted. They must be lifted carefully out of the ground so that the roots are not damaged. Choose short, sturdy, healthy plants to plant out. After they have been taken out, they must be covered with a moist cloth or hessian until they are planted. They must preferably be planted on cool, cloudy days or late in the afternoon. The plantlets must be planted in moist soil which is then firmly pressed down around the plant. After the plantlets have been planted, they must be watered as soon as possible. A mulch of grass clippings, dry leaves or straw between the plants prevents evaporation of soil moisture and also suppresses weed growth. If the soil is allowed to become too dry, and it is then watered, it may happen that the cabbage heads burst open. In cool weather, cabbage can be watered once a week; in very hot weather, two to three times a week. Cabbage can be harvested as soon as well-developed hard heads have formed. There are at least four kinds of insects that damage cabbages during the growing season. They are: * the American bollworm, * aphids, * the diamondback moth, and * The barged bug. The American bollworm and the diamondback moth eat holes in the cabbage leaves. Aphids suck out the sap of the plant and the leaves turn yellow and become misshapen. The barged bug also eats the leaves and causes great damage. Land preparation Prior to planting, the soil needs to be prepared, usually by some form of tillage or chemical â€Å"burn-down† to kill the weeds in the seedbed that would crowd out the crop or compete with it for water and nutrients. Tillage methods can be divided into three major categories, depending on the amount of crop residue they leave on the surface. Residue slows the flow of run off that can displace and carry away soil particles. * Conventional tillage – Until the last decade or so the standard tillage practice for corn was use of the moldboard plow for primary tillage followed by several secondary tillage’s and mechanical cultivation after the crop was up. * Reduced tillage is usually done with a chisel plow and leaves 15% to 30% residue coverage on the soil. * Conservation tillage leaves at least 30% residue coverage on the soil. Conservation tillage methods include no-till, where no tillage is done at all and seeds are placed directly into the previous seasonâ€℠¢s crop residue; strip-till, in which only the narrow strip of land needed for the crop row is tilled; ridge till; and mulch till. Soils — Cabbage grows well on a wide variety of soils, but a well-drained sandy loam with high organic matter content is preferred. Avoid soils that dry rapidly. Herbicides are used in all these methods to kill weeds. A common myth is that more herbicide is used with conservation tillage methods, but in fact farmers rely on herbicides for weed control under all tillage systems, and the amount used is more or less independent of tillage method. Impacts of soil erosion Soil erosion has both on-farm impacts (reduction in yield and farm income) and off-farm impacts (contaminated water due to the sediment and associated contamination from nutrients and pesticides carried on the soil particle). On-farm impacts due to the loss of soil and nutrients include: * lower fertility levels * development of rills and gullies in the field * poorer crop yields * less water infiltration into the soil When fertile topsoil is lost, nutrients and organic matter needed by crops often are removed along with it. Erosion tends to remove the less dense soil constituents such as organic matter, clays, and silts, which are often the most fertile part of the soil. Soil preparation All brassica crops grow best in partial shade, in firm, fertile, free-draining soil. * Start digging over your soil in autumn, removing any stones you find and working in plenty of well-rotted manure or compost. * Tread on the soil to remove any air pockets and make the surface very firm. * Brassicas will fail if the soil is too acidic so add lime to the soil if necessary, aiming for a pH of 6.5-7.5. Irrigation Due to their large leaf area, cabbage requires at least a 25 cm (1 inch) of water per week to sustain good growth. Excessive watering late in the season can cause head-splitting. Uneven soil moisture can cause fluctuations in the uptake of nutrients and lead to tip burn or head-splitting. Soil should be kept at 60 to 70 percent field capacity to ensure good yields and head quality. The fact that cabbage is a cool season crop indicates that it responds favorably to lower temperatures with adequate amounts of rainfall. Cabbage also requires well-drained soil. Soil that is not well-drained should either have drainage tiles installed or have some organic matter added to it to improve soil aeration. Seeding Direct-seeded cabbage is usually planted in early to mid-May. Direct-seeded cabbages are planted 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 inches) apart (1.1 kg/ha or 1 lbs. /ac) and thinned later. The following are seeding rates for transplanted cabbage: Early: * in-row spacing – 25 to 46 cm apart (10 to 18 inches) apart * between-row spacing – 0.76 m (2.5 feet) apart Mid-season: * in-row spacing – 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches) apart * between-row spacing – 0.7 to 0.9 m (2  ½ to 3 feet) apart Late-season: * in-row spacing – 46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches) apart * between-row spacing – 0.7 to 0.9 m (2  ½ to 3 feet) apart Row spacing will be dependent on your tillage, planting and harvesting equipment. Many cabbage growers in Saskatchewan use transplants to reduce seed costs, accelerate crop development, increase yields, overcome problems with cruciferous flea beetles destroying emerging seedlings, eliminate costs associated with thinning the direct-seeded crop and avoid soil crusting problems in clay soils. In warm, dry springs flea beetle populations are high enough that flea beetles are already present on the crop as it emerges. Damage at emergence injures the growing tip, causing bolting, misshapen heads or death. Growers who transplant have the option of planting and then following behind with an insecticide treatment to kill the flea beetles before any damage can occur. The same can and is done for direct-seeded cabbage, but the grower must be more vigilant and closely watch for seedling emergence. They can then make a pass with an insecticide. A seed row treatment, such as Di-Syston 15 G, can be applied during planting to control cruciferous flea beetles. Seed Treatment Seed costs for cabbage have increased over the last 10 years, primarily because of the shift to hybrid types. Due to the seed’s higher value, it is best to treat it with a fungicide, such as Thiram 75WP, to prevent seedling blight, damping off and seed decay. Hot water treatment of the seed is effective against alter aria, black rot and blackleg. This treatment can be specially done by your seed company, but must be done prior to seed coating. How to sow seeds Nearly all brassicas should be planted in a seedbed or in modules under glass and then transferred. Seeds should be sown thinly, as this reduces the amount of future thinning necessary and potential risk from pests. * Sow seeds 1.25cm (1/2in) deep and rows should be spaced 15cm (6in) apart. * Once the seeds have germinated, thin the seedlings to 7.5cm (3in) between each plant. * Cabbage and broccoli seedlings are ready for transplanting when they’re between 6 and 8cm high (2.5-3in). Brussels sprouts and kale should be 15cm (6in).Water the day before moving, and keep well watered until established. * Space the plants according to the instructions on the seed packet. It can vary from 30cm for small cabbages to 75cm for Brussels sprouts. Aftercare * Brassicas are affected by a wide range of pests and diseases, especially the fungal disease, club root. The roots become stubby and swollen and can develop wet rot, while leaves become yellow and wilt, causing severe stunting of growth. Remove any infected plants from the ground and destroy. * Make sure the soil is adequately limed and well drained, and do not plant cabbages in the same place the following year. * Rotate your crops annually to avoid disease. Don’t grow brassicas on the same plot more often than one year in three, as moving the crop helps avoid the buildup of soil pests and diseases. * Brassicas are a particular favorite of birds so use a deterrent to stop them picking off seedlings. CDs on string can be effective. They’re also susceptible to attack by the caterpillars of the cabbage white butterfly. Try covering crops with a crop protection mesh. It keeps the butterflies out, so they can’t lay their eggs on the plants. Pest Problems Diseases * Club root – (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is a soil borne disease that is more active in soils that are slightly acidic. Saskatchewan’s alkaline soils are a deterrent to this pest. Wart-like growths or knots form on the base of the plant, restricting water and nutrient uptake. Control measures include using clean transplants, maintaining soil pH above 7.3, disinfecting all tillage equipment, increasing years between cruciferous crops and keeping cruciferous weeds under control. The field can be fumigated; however this is costly. * Blackleg – (Phoma lingam) this fungal disease is active at low temperatures. Symptoms include seedling death, or bluish growth on the stems of older plants near the base. Upon germination, infected seedlings are covered by lesions that can be spread to adjacent plants by rainfall or irrigation. Blackleg can be controlled with the hot water treatment (see Black rot). Eradicate cruciferous weeds and have at least a three-year crop rotation with other cruciferous crops. * Downy Mildew – (Peronospora parasitica) is a fungus that over-winters in perennial plants and infected plant debris. Symptoms include a tan paper-like appearance that continues to develop into larger, sunken areas on the head. Control measures include a three-year crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops and preventative applications of Bravo 500, Clean Crop Copper 53W or Zinc b 80W. Insects * Cruciferous flea beetle – (Phyllotreta cruciferae) is the most serious insect pest facing Saskatchewan cabbage producers. These small black beetles attack cabbages throughout the growing season. They are especially dangerous in the spring when seedlings are emerging. The large acreage of canola in Saskatchewan ensures that there will always be a sizeable population of flea beetles in the province. Flea beetles feeding on emerging cabbage crops cause seedling death, uneven growth and maturity. Flea beetles have one generation per year, but the adults appear twice, once early in the spring and again later in the fall. * Control measures include crop rotations of more than three years with non-cruciferous crops, eliminating cruciferous weeds and not planting near fields that have cruciferous crops. Flea beetles can be controlled chemically by using foliar applied Ambush, Di-Syston, Endosulfan, Matador, Pounce, Ripcord, Sevin, Thiodan or Thionex. Cabbage maggot larva * Cabbage Maggot- (Delia radicum) is an underground pest that feeds on the roots of the host plants. The survival rate of the eggs is highest when the weather is cool and moist, much like spring conditions. Cabbage maggots can severely stunt growth or kill seedlings, and can lower quality and reduce yields of more mature plants. The maggot is the larval stage of the cabbage maggot fly, which looks much like a common housefly. The lifecycle has two generations per season. Control measures include a crop rotation of three or more years away from cruciferous crops and eradication of cruciferous weeds. The main chemical control for cabbage maggots is an insecticide drench placed near the seed at planting. Control products include foliar applied Lorsban, Pyrinex, or Sniper. Imported Cabbage worm larvae * Imported Cabbage Worm and Cabbage Looper – (Pieris rapae) and (Tricoplusia Ni) are also referred to as the cabbage butterfly. Imported cabbage worm larvae, which are light green in the larval stage, are incredibly destructive. They chew large holes in the leaves and head of cabbages. Their waste products also contaminate the head. Control measures include a crop rotation of three or more years away from cruciferous crops and eradication of cruciferous weeds. The main chemical control is repeated foliar applications of the one of the following products: Ambush, Cymbush, Decis, Diazinon, Dibrom, Dylox, Endosulfan, Guthion, Lannate, Malathion, Matador, Methoxychlor, Monitor, Orthene, Pounce, Ripcord, Sevin, Sniper, Thiodan, or Thionex. Dipel, (Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki) is a biological insecticide that also controls cabbage worms. * Diamondback Moth – (Plutella xylostella) does not over-winter in Canada but rather the adult moths fly or blow up each year from the United States. Larvae chew irregular patterns into the lower leaves. The larvae may also tunnel into the head of the cabbage, hurting its market potential. Control measures include monitoring the crop for arrival of adults and eradicating any cruciferous plants, including weeds and the refuse left over from early harvests of cruciferous crops. Chemical controls include the following products: Ambush, Cymbush, Decis, Diazinon, Dibrom, Dipel, Dylox, Endosulfan, Guthion, Lannate, Matador, Monitor, Orthene, Pounce, Ripcord, Sevin, Sniper, Thiodan, or Thionex Weeds Competition from weeds early in the season will slow both emergence and early growth. Weeds can be controlled with shallow tillage to destroy any weed seedlings. Weeds can be controlled chemically with Devrinol, Venture, Poast and Treflan. Check label recommendations for application rates, timing and weeds controlled. Tip burn on a Chinese cabbage head Other Problems * Head splitting – is caused by excessively rapid growth. This problem can be managed by ensuring there is adequate organic matter to hold soil moisture, providing consistent even watering, avoiding over-fertilizing with nitrogen, and spacing close and evenly to discourage excess and rapid root growth. Heads that are cracked should be culled, as they become an entry point for secondary infections such as soft rot. * Tipburn – is caused by inadequate amounts of calcium in the youngest region of the plant. Usually, this is due to rapid growth. Tipburn occurs when the translocation of calcium to the growing tip is slowed. There are no initial outer symptoms on the cabbage head, but the inner leaves turn brown. Tipburn can only be controlled by discouraging rapid growth (see head splitting). Adding calcium to the soil does not fix this problem. Tipburn is very cultivar specific. Weeding Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, using physical and chemical methods to stop weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be harmful to domesticated plants and livestock. In order to reduce weed growth, many â€Å"weed control† strategies have been developed in order to contain the growth and spread of weeds. The most basic is ploughing which cuts the roots of annual weeds. Today, chemical weed killers known as herbicides are widely used. Effects on other plants Weeds can compete with productive crops or pasture, or convert productive land into unusable scrub. Weeds are also often poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or other damaging body parts or otherwise interfere with the use and management of desirable plants by contaminating harvests or excluding livestock. Weeds tend to thrive at the expense of the more refined edible or ornamental crops. They provide competition for space, nutrients, water and light, although how seriously they will affect a crop depends on a number of factors. Some crops have greater resistance than others- smaller, slower growing seedlings are more likely to be overwhelmed than those that are larger and more vigorous. Onions are one of the crops most susceptible to competition, for they are slow to germinate and produce slender, upright stems. Quick growing, broad leafed weeds therefore have a distinct advantage, and if not removed, the crop is likely to be lost. Broad beans however produce large seedlings, and will suffer far less profound effects of weed competition other than during periods of water shortage at the crucial time when the pods are filling out. Transplanted crops raised in sterile seed or potting compost will have a head start over germinating weed seeds. Methods: â€Å"Stale seed bed† technique, Use of herbicides, Organic methods, Thermal methods. DIGGING OF HOLES Transplanting Individual containers with more than one seedling must be thinned to one plant. Pinch out or cut off the extra seedlings while the first leaves are still small. Seedlings germinated in trays must be transplanted to individual containers while still small. Lift and separate seedlings and replant them into individual containers such as peat pots, plastic kalpaks (saved from previously purchased transplants; be sure to wash them), peat pellets, or other small containers. Use a commercial soilless potting mix or prepare your own. Be sure the plants harden off; that is, gradually get used to unsheltered life outdoors. During their last week indoors, withhold fertilizer and water less often. 7 to 10 days before transplanting, set the seedlings outdoors in dappled shade that is protected from winds for a few hours each day, gradually increasing their exposure to full sun and windy conditions. Keep the soil moist at all times during the hardening-off period. Dry air and spring breezes can result in rapid transpiration. If possible, transplant on overcast days or in the early morning. Set transplants into loose, well-aerated soil that will capture and retain moisture, drain well, and allow easy penetration by seedling roots. See when soil is ready for planting. Soak the soil around new seedlings immediately after transplanting. Spread mulch to reduce soil-moisture loss. To ensure that phosphorus—which promotes strong root development—is available in the root zone of new transplants, mix two tablespoons of a 15-30-15 starter fertilizer into a gallon of water (one tablespoon for vining crops such as melons and cucumbers), and give each seedling a cup of the solution after transplanting. Anything that raises soil temperature will help plants adjust to the shock of cold ground. Try raised planting beds and plastic mulch to boost soil temperature.